
(a)
Interpretation:
The terms, strong electrolyte and weak electrolyte are to be distinguished precisely.
Concept introduction:
Solutions of substances in which the ions are the conducting species are called electrolytes. The ionization depends on the nature of the substance. Some substances are more ionized in solution and conduct more electricity. Other substances are ionized to a lesser extent and conduct less electricity. The ability of a solution to conduct electricity depends on the number of ions present in the solution.

Answer to Problem 79E
Strong electrolytes produce more number of ions in the solution and are good conductors of electricity. Weak electrolytes produce less number of ions in the solution and are bad conductors of electricity.
Explanation of Solution
Substances whose solutions are very good conductor of electricity are termed as strong electrolytes. They furnish more number of ions. Substances whose solutions are poor conductors of electricity are termed as weak electrolytes. They produce less number of ions.
Strong electrolytes produce more number of ions in the solution and are good conductors of electricity. Weak electrolytes produce less number of ions in the solution and are bad conductors of electricity.
(b)
Interpretation:
The terms, electrolyte and nonelectrolyte are to be distinguished precisely.
Concept introduction:
Solutions of substances in which the ions are the conducting species are called electrolytes. The ionization depends on the nature of the substance. Some substances are more ionized in solution and conduct more electricity. Other substances are ionized to a lesser extent and conduct less electricity. The ability of a solution to conduct electricity depends on the number of ions present in the solution.

Answer to Problem 79E
Electrolytes are able to conduct electricity. Nonelectrolytes are unable to conduct electricity.
Explanation of Solution
The substances whose solutions can conduct electricity are termed as electrolytes. The conduction of electricity is due to the presence of ions in the solution. Molecular solids cannot dissociate. Therefore, they cannot furnish ions and do not conduct electricity. Therefore, the substances whose solutions cannot conduct electricity are termed as nonelectrolytes.
Electrolytes are able to conduct electricity. Nonelectrolytes are unable to conduct electricity.
(c)
Interpretation:
The terms, strong acid and weak acid are to be distinguished precisely.
Concept introduction:
Acids are compounds which release a proton or hydrogen ion when present in a solution. Acids are classified as strong or weak on the basis of extent of their ionization.

Answer to Problem 79E
Strong acids ionize completely. Weak acids ionize partially.
Explanation of Solution
Strong acids undergo complete ionization to produce more number of hydrogen ions in the solution. Weak acids undergo partial ionization and produce less number of hydrogen ions in the solution.
Strong acids ionize completely. Weak acids ionize partially.
(d)
Interpretation:
The terms, conventional, total ionic, and net ionic equations are to be distinguished precisely.
Concept introduction:

Answer to Problem 79E
In conventional equations, all the reactants and products are written. In total ionic equation, the reactants and products are present in the form of ions. In net ionic equation, only those ions which undergo a change during the reaction are written.
Explanation of Solution
Conventional equations are those chemical equations in which all the reactants and products are written including their respective state symbols. The total ionic equations are those chemical equations in which all the ionic reactants and ionic products are written in the form of their ions. The net ionic equation is a chemical reaction which describes the exact chemical change occurring during the reaction. The spectator ions present in the total ionic equation, which do not take part in the reaction, are removed to get the net ionic equation.
In conventional equations, all the reactants and products are written. In total ionic equation, the reactants and products are present in the form of ions. In net ionic equation, only those ions which undergo a change during the reaction are written.
(e)
Interpretation:
The terms, burn and oxidize are to be distinguished precisely.
Concept introduction:
Substances are said to burn when they react with atmospheric oxygen completely to produce carbon dioxide and water. Substances are said to be oxidized when there is an increase in oxidation number and it loses electrons.

Answer to Problem 79E
Burning refers to oxidation in presence of atmospheric oxygen. Oxidizing a substance does not require atmospheric oxygen.
Explanation of Solution
Burning is a reaction in which the substance burns in air to react with atmospheric oxygen. Burning of a substance means oxidation in presence of atmospheric oxygen. Oxidizing a substance means the substance undergoes oxidation to lose electron. Oxidation does not require the presence of oxygen.
Burning refers to oxidation in presence of atmospheric oxygen. Oxidizing a substance does not require atmospheric oxygen.
(f)
Interpretation:
The terms, ion-combination, precipitation, and molecule-formation reactions are to be distinguished precisely.
Concept introduction:
During a chemical reaction, the composition of the substance undergoes a change. Chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations The chemical reactions can be classified as ion-combination precipitation, and molecule-formation reactions.

Answer to Problem 79E
In ion combination reactions, exchange of cations and anions between reactants takes place to form products. In precipitation reaction, one of the products formed is an insoluble compound. In molecular formation reactions, the exchange of cations and anions between reactants takes place to form a molecular product which does not ionize.
Explanation of Solution
Ion combination reactions are those in which the cation of one reactant reacts with the anion of another reactant to form product. The cations and anions are exchanged in the products. If the product formed is an insoluble compound, the reaction is termed as precipitation reaction. Molecular formation reactions are those ion combination reactions in which one of the product formed is a molecular compound and does not undergo ionization.
In ion combination reactions, exchange of cations and anions between reactants takes place to form products. In precipitation reaction, one of the products formed is an insoluble compound. In molecular formation reactions, the exchange of cations and anions between reactants takes place to form a molecular product which does not ionize.
(g)
Interpretation:
The terms, molecule-formation and neutralization reactions are to be distinguished precisely.
Concept introduction:
During a chemical reaction, the composition of the substance undergoes a change. Chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations. The chemical reactions can be classified as ion-combination, precipitation, and molecule-formation reactions and neutralization reactions.

Answer to Problem 79E
In molecular formation reactions, the exchange of cations and anions between reactants takes place to form a molecular product which does not ionize. In neutralization reactions, acid and base react together to form salt and water.
Explanation of Solution
Molecular formation reactions are those ion combination reactions in which one of the product formed is a molecular compound and does not undergo ionization. Neutralization reactions are the reaction between acid and base to get the respective salt and water.
In molecular formation reactions, the exchange of cations and anions between reactants takes place to form a molecular product which does not ionize. In neutralization reactions, acid and base react together to form salt and water.
(h)
Interpretation:
The terms, acid, base and salt are to be distinguished precisely.
Concept introduction:
In neutralization reactions, acid and base react together to form salt and water. Acids are substances which give a proton in solution. Bases are the substances which give hydroxyl ion in the solution.

Answer to Problem 79E
Acids give hydrogen ion in solutions. Bases give hydroxyl ion in solutions. Salts are ionic compounds formed by reaction of an acid with a base.
Explanation of Solution
Acids are substances that give hydrogen ion in solution. They can also be defined as the class of compounds that accept a pair of electrons in electron transfer reactions. Bases are substances that produce hydroxyl ion in solution. They can also be defined as the class of compounds which donate a pair of electrons in electron transfer reactions. Salts are formed during the reaction of an acid and a base. They are usually ionic in nature.
In molecular formation reactions, the exchange of cations and anions between reactants takes place to form a molecular product which does not ionize. In neutralization reactions, acid and base react together to form salt and water.
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Chapter 9 Solutions
Introduction to Chemistry, Special Edition
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- What would be the best choices for the missing reagents 1 and 3 in this synthesis? 1. PPh3 3 1 2 2. n-BuLi • Draw the missing reagents in the drawing area below. You can draw them in any arrangement you like. • Do not draw the missing reagent 2. If you draw 1 correctly, we'll know what it is. • Note: if one of your reagents needs to contain a halogen, use bromine. Explanation Check Click and drag to start drawing a structure. 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Priva ×arrow_forwardPredict the products of this organic reaction: Explanation Check IN NaBH3CN H+ ? Click and drag to start drawing a structure. D 5 C +arrow_forwardPredict the products of this organic reaction: H3O+ + ? • Draw all the reasonable products in the drawing area below. If there are no products, because no reaction will occur, check the box under the drawing area. • Include both major and minor products, if some of the products will be more common than others. • Be sure to use wedge and dash bonds if you need to distinguish between enantiomers. No reaction. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. dmarrow_forward
- Iarrow_forwardDraw the anti-Markovnikov product of the hydration of this alkene. this problem. Note for advanced students: draw only one product, and don't worry about showing any stereochemistry. Drawing dash and wedge bonds has been disabled for esc esc ☐ Explanation Check F1 1 2 F2 # 3 F3 + $ 14 × 1. BH THE BH3 2. H O NaOH '2 2' Click and drag to start drawing a structure. F4 Q W E R A S D % 905 LL F5 F6 F7 © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessibility < & 6 7 27 8 T Y U G H I F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 9 0 J K L P + // command option Z X C V B N M H H rol option commandarrow_forwardAG/F-2° V 3. Before proceeding with this problem you may want to glance at p. 466 of your textbook where various oxo-phosphorus derivatives and their oxidation states are summarized. Shown below are Latimer diagrams for phosphorus at pH values at 0 and 14: -0.93 +0.38 -0.50 -0.51 -0.06 H3PO4 →H4P206 →H3PO3 →→H3PO₂ → P → PH3 Acidic solution Basic solution -0.28 -0.50 3--1.12 -1.57 -2.05 -0.89 PO HPO H₂PO₂ →P → PH3 -1.73 a) Under acidic conditions, H3PO4 can be reduced into H3PO3 directly (-0.28V), or via the formation and reduction of H4P206 (-0.93/+0.38V). Calculate the values of AG's for both processes; comment. (3 points) 0.5 PH P 0.0 -0.5 -1.0- -1.5- -2.0 H.PO, -2.3+ -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 2 H,PO, b) Frost diagram for phosphorus under acidic conditions is shown. Identify possible disproportionation and comproportionation processes; write out chemical equations describing them. (2 points) H,PO 4 S Oxidation stale, Narrow_forward
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