Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781133949640
Author: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9, Problem 57IL
Draw the two resonance structures that describe the bonding in SO2. Then describe the bonding in this compound using MO theory. How does MO theory rationalize the bond order of 1.5 for the two S—O bonds in this compound?
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Draw two resonance structures that describe the bonding in SO2. Then describe the bonding in this compound using MO theory. How does MO theory rationalize the bond order of 1.5 for the two S-O bonds in this compound?
The concept of valence-shell electron-pair repulsion
(VSEPR) is presented in introductory organic chemistry
as a way to predict molecular geometries. The idea be-
hind VSEPR is that areas of electron density repel each
other so that the geometry of bonds and/or lone pairs
of electrons around any one atom places these areas as
far apart as possible. For four areas of electron density,
a tetrahedral geometry is predicted. For three areas of
electron density, a trigonal planar geometry is predicted.
Two areas of electron density lead to a linear geometry.
VSEPR is simply a predictive tool, but in some
cases, it gives an incorrect prediction. In these
instances, additional insights into bonding are
necessary, such as resonance. Interestingly, several
important situations are critical to biochemistry where
VSEPR breaks down. Two examples are shown here.
:O:
CH3
H,N
H3N
CH3 H
:0:
:0:
Histidine
The circled nitrogen atoms are predicted by VSEPR
to be tetrahedral in geometry because each…
The next two questions investigate how Molecular Orbital Theory and Lewis Theory view carbon monoxide.
—. Draw a molecular orbital energy diagram (showing all of the bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals and their respective energies) for CO. Use the Molecular Orbital energy levels for B2 , C2 and N 2 for the CO molecule.
—. Calculate the bond order for CO from the molecular orbital energy diagram.
—. Is CO paramagnetic or diamagnetic?
-------------
b. Draw the Lewis structure for CO.
—. Calculate the formal charge on each atom in CO.
—. Draw the dipole for CO.
—. Calculate the oxidation numbers for the carbon and oxygen atoms in CO.
—. Formal charges, dipoles, and oxidation numbers are different ways of understanding the charges on covalently-bonded atoms. They tend to agree or be similar. At least in some ways, they disagree for CO. Formal charge guidelines assume that all bonding electrons are shared evenly between the two bonded atoms. Oxidation number guidelines assume that…
Chapter 9 Solutions
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Ch. 9.2 - Use valence bond theory to describe the bonding in...Ch. 9.2 - Identify the hybridization of each underlined atom...Ch. 9.2 - Use valence bond theory to describe the bonding in...Ch. 9.2 - What is the hybridization of the S atom (the...Ch. 9.2 - 2. Which of the following is incorrect?
The...Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 3RCCh. 9.2 - Prob. 4RCCh. 9.3 - What is the electron configuration of the H2+ ion?...Ch. 9.3 - Could the anion Li2 exist? What is the ions bond...Ch. 9.3 - The cations O2+ and N2+ are formed when molecules...
Ch. 9.3 - What is the NO bond order in nitrogen monoxide,...Ch. 9.3 - Prob. 2RCCh. 9.3 - Prob. 3RCCh. 9.3 - 4. Among the known dioxygen species (O2+, O2, O2−...Ch. 9.3 - What is the empirical formula of Tynan purple?Ch. 9.3 - Butter yellow absorbs light with a wavelength of...Ch. 9.3 - Prob. 3CSCh. 9.A - Photoelectron spectroscopy is s1milar to the...Ch. 9.A - What is the energy of a photon with a wavelength...Ch. 9.A - Using the accompanying figure, state which...Ch. 9.A - The kinetic energy of an electron ejected from the...Ch. 9.A - The N2+ ions that are formed when electrons with...Ch. 9 - Draw the Lewis structure for chloroform, CHCl3....Ch. 9 - Draw the Lewis structure for NF3. What are its...Ch. 9 - Draw the Lewis structure for hydroxylamine, H2NOH....Ch. 9 - Draw the Lewis structure for 1,...Ch. 9 - Draw the Lewis structure for carbonyl fluoride,...Ch. 9 - Draw the Lewis structure for acetamide, CH3CONH2....Ch. 9 - Specify the electron-pair and molecular geometry...Ch. 9 - Specify the electron-pair and molecular geometry...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9PSCh. 9 - What is the hybrid orbital set used by each of the...Ch. 9 - Draw the Lewis structures of the acid HPO2F2 and...Ch. 9 - Draw the Lewis structures of the arid HSO3F and...Ch. 9 - What is the hybridization of the carbon atom in...Ch. 9 - What is the hybridization of the carbon atoms in...Ch. 9 - What is the electron-pair and molecular geometry...Ch. 9 - Prob. 17PSCh. 9 - For each compound below, decide whether cis and...Ch. 9 - Molecular Orbital Theory (See Examples 9.49.6.)...Ch. 9 - Give the electron configurations for the ions Li2+...Ch. 9 - Platinum hexafluoride is an extremely strong...Ch. 9 - When potassium and oxygen react, one of the...Ch. 9 - Among the following, which has the shortest bond...Ch. 9 - Consider the following list of small molecules and...Ch. 9 - Prob. 27PSCh. 9 - The nitrosyl ion. NO+, has an interesting...Ch. 9 - These questions are not designated as to type or...Ch. 9 - What is the OSO angle and the hybrid orbital set...Ch. 9 - Sketch the resonance structures for the nitrite...Ch. 9 - Sketch the resonance structures for the nitrate...Ch. 9 - Sketch the resonance structures for the N2O...Ch. 9 - Compare the structure and bonding in CO2 and CO32...Ch. 9 - Numerous molecules are detected in deep space....Ch. 9 - Acrolein, a component of photochemical smog, has a...Ch. 9 - The organic compound below is a member of a class...Ch. 9 - The compound sketched below is acetylsalicylic...Ch. 9 - Phosphoserine is a less-common amino acid. (a)...Ch. 9 - Lactic acid is a natural compound found in sour...Ch. 9 - Cinnamaldehyde ocaus naturally in cinnamon oil....Ch. 9 - The ion Si2 was reported in a laboratory...Ch. 9 - The simple valence bond picture of O2 does not...Ch. 9 - Nitrogen, N2, can ionize to form N2+ or add an...Ch. 9 - Which of the homonuclear, diatomic molecules of...Ch. 9 - Which of the following molecules or ions are...Ch. 9 - Prob. 47GQCh. 9 - The structure of amphetamine, a stimulant, is...Ch. 9 - Menthol is used in soaps, perfumes, and foods. It...Ch. 9 - Prob. 50GQCh. 9 - Suppose you carry out the following reaction of...Ch. 9 - Ethylene oxide is an intermediate in the...Ch. 9 - The sulfamate ion, H2NSO3, can be thought of as...Ch. 9 - The compound whose structure is shown here is...Ch. 9 - Prob. 55ILCh. 9 - Carbon dioxide (CO2), dinitrogen monoxide (N2O),...Ch. 9 - Draw the two resonance structures that describe...Ch. 9 - Draw a Lewis structure for diimide, HNNH. Then,...Ch. 9 - Prob. 59SCQCh. 9 - Consider the three fluorides BF4, SiF4, and SF4....Ch. 9 - When two amino acids react with each other, they...Ch. 9 - What is the connection between bond order, bond...Ch. 9 - When is it desirable to use MO theory rather than...Ch. 9 - Show how valence bond theory and molecular orbital...Ch. 9 - Three of the four molecular orbitals for...Ch. 9 - Lets look more closely at the process of...Ch. 9 - Borax has the molecular formula Na2B4O5(OH)4. The...Ch. 9 - A model of the organic compound allene is shown...Ch. 9 - Prob. 69SCQCh. 9 - Prob. 70SCQCh. 9 - Bromine forms a number of oxides of varying...Ch. 9 - Prob. 72SCQCh. 9 - Urea reacts with malonic acid to produce...
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- It is possible to write a simple Lewis structure for the SO42- ion, involving only single bonds, which follows the octet rule. However, Linus Pauling and others have suggested an alternative structure, involving double bonds, in which the sulfur atom is surrounded by six electron pairs. (a) Draw the two Lewis structures. (b) What geometries are predicted for the two structures? (c) What is the hybridization of sulfur in each case? (d) What are the formal charges of the atoms in the two structures?arrow_forward10.arrow_forward1) The photoelectron spectrum for water has four bands, not including ionizations from the 1s electrons of oxygen. Three of the bands have vibrational fine structure. The fourth band, which is from the least energetic ionization, shows no such fine structure. Explain these results in terms of your MO scheme. 2) If we added two more electron pairs to the MO scheme for BeH2, this would describe the bonding in water if water were a linear molecule. Compare your MO scheme for bent water with this hypothetical scheme for linear water, and comment on why water is bent instead of linear.arrow_forward
- 2. Use molecular orbital (MO) theory in description of the following molecules: Which of the following species has the greater bond enthalpy? These chemical species have the similar orbital structure to that of N2. CO, CO+arrow_forwardUse the molecular orbital model to fully describe the bonding in O2+, O2, O2-, and O22-.Determine which of the following statements are true and which are false. True or false? : Bond length increases with increasing bond order while bond energy decreases.The number of unpaired electrons in O2- and O2 is, respectively, 1 and 2. The electron configuration of O2 is (σ2s)2(σ2s*)2(σ2p)2(π2p)4(π2p*)1. The electron configuration of O2- is (σ2s)2(σ2s*)2(σ2p)2(π2p)4(π2p*)3. The bond order in O2- and O22- is, respectively, 2.5 and 1. The bond lengths increase in the order: O22- < O2- < O2 < O2+.arrow_forwardConsider a heteronuclear diatomic molecule, AB, where A and B are period 2 elements. Using the following pieces of information, provide details on the molecular orbital diagram of AB: Clue 1: The MO diagram of AB does not contain non- bonding electrons. Clue 2: The s and p orbital energies of both atoms are quite close to one another that interactions between different orbital types occur. Clue 3: AB" is more stable than AB, but AB2 is less stable than AB". Clue 4: The potential energies of the atomic orbitals of A are higher than the potential energies of the atomic orbitals of B. Table 1. Atomic orbital energies of period 2 elements. Atom Orbital energy Orbital energy (2s) (2p) Li -5.45 Ве -9.30 B -14.0 -8.30 C -19.5 -10.7 -25.5 -13.1 -32.3 -15.9 F -46.4 -18.7 Ne -48.5 -21.5arrow_forward
- Use VESPER theory to predict the shapes molecular iodine, tetramethylammonium iodide (both ions), triodide and pentaiodie ion (Draw the molecular structure and include lone pair electrons). What is the hybridization of the central atom(s)? What are the oxidation states and formal charges of the atoms?arrow_forward• Consider the molecule shown below and answers the following questions. : Number of ơ bonds formed by overlap of sp² and sp3 orbitals Number of r bonds formed by overlap of sp and sp orbitals Number of o bonds formed by overlap of sp² and sp orbitals СНО Number of o bonds formed by overlap of s and sp³ orbitals Number of o bonds formed by overlap of sp3 and sp3 orbitals Number of a bonds formed by overlap of sp² and sp2 orbitals Number of o bonds formed by overlap of sp² and sp2 orbitals NEC- NH Total number of ơ bonds : Total number of a bonds 1: Total number of non-bonding electrons in this moleculearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is incorrect: 1. the combination of two s orbitals gives bonding and antibonding sigma orbitals 2. antibonding orbitals are higher in energy than their corresponding bonding orbitals 3. a pi (bonding) orbital has two nodes 4. a sigma star (antibonding) orbital has a single node 5. the bond order of a molecule containing an equal number of bonding and antibonding electrons is zeroarrow_forward
- Molecular Orbital theory correctly predicts diamagnetism of fluorine gas, F2. This is because __________. the bond order can be shown to be equal to 1. there are more electrons in the bonding orbitals than in the antibonding orbitals. . all electrons in the MO electron configuration are paired. the energy of the π2p MOs is higher than that of the σ2p MO the bond enthalpy is very lowarrow_forwardDraw the molecular orbital diagram for the oxygen molecule, O2. From this diagram, calculate the bond order for O2. How does this diagram account for the paramagnetism of O2?arrow_forwardFor a homonuclear diatomic molecule, what type of molecular orbital does the illustration shown below represent? Note: the represents each nuclei. a bonding o orbital formed from two p atomic orbitals. a bonding o orbital formed from two s atomic orbitals. a bonding o orbital formed from one p and one s atomic orbital. a bonding n orbital formed from one s and one p atomic orbital. a bonding n orbital formed from two p atomic orbitals.arrow_forward
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