Chemistry for Engineering Students
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781337398909
Author: Lawrence S. Brown, Tom Holme
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 8, Problem 8.67PAE
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
In general, pencil erasers are made of synthetic rubber. Some times to get the special qualities, vinyl, plastic or gum like material are added to rubbers.
Concept introduction: The melting point of rubber is around
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This thermodynamic cycle describes the formation of an ionic compound MX from a metal element M and nonmetal element X in their standard states. Use it to
answer the questions in the table below.
enthalpy
(kJ/mol)
1000.
900.
800.
700.
600.
500.
400.
300.
200.
100.
0.
- 100.
M (g) + X (g)
1
M (g) +
+ = X ₂2 (8)
2
1
M (s) +
+ — — X ₂2 (8)
+
M*(g) + e
1
T
+ x (g)
M+ (8) + X¯¯ (8)
x
MX (s)
Calculate the lattice energy of magnesium sulfide from the data given below.
Mg(s)
Mg(g) AE
148 kJ/mol
Mg2g)
8S(g) AE 2232 kJ/mol
2e AE 2186 kJ/mol
Mg(g)
S8(s)
Sig) 2eSg) AE= 450 kJ/mol
8Mg(s)S8(s) -» 8M9S(s) AE = -2744 kJ/mol
Mg2+(g) S2g)
MgS(s) AElattice = ?
This thermodynamic cycle describes the formation of an ionic compound MX2 from a metal element M and nonmetal element X in their standard states. Based of the table (picture):
A. What is the lattice enthalpy of MX2 ? (in kJ/mol)
B. What is the enthalpy of formation of MX2 ? (in kJ/mol)
C. Suppose both the electron affinity of X and the heat of sublimation of M were smaller. Would MX2 be more or less stable?
Chapter 8 Solutions
Chemistry for Engineering Students
Ch. 8 - Prob. 1COCh. 8 - • describe the arrangement of atoms in the common...Ch. 8 - • use bind theory to describe bonding in solids.Ch. 8 - Prob. 4COCh. 8 - Prob. 5COCh. 8 - Prob. 6COCh. 8 - Prob. 7COCh. 8 - • explain the connection between intermolecular...Ch. 8 - Prob. 9COCh. 8 - Prob. 10CO
Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.1PAECh. 8 - Why is the C 60form of carbon called...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.3PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.4PAECh. 8 - What is the relationship between the structures of...Ch. 8 - Use the web to look up information on nanotubes....Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.7PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.8PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.9PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.10PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.11PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.12PAECh. 8 - 8.13 What is the coordination number of atoms in...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.14PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.15PAECh. 8 - 8.16 Iridium forms a face-centered cubic lattice,...Ch. 8 - 8.17 Europium forms a body-centered cubic unit...Ch. 8 - 8.18 Manganese has a body-centered cubic unit cell...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.19PAECh. 8 - 8.20 How many electrons per atom are delocalized...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.21PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.22PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.23PAECh. 8 - 8.24 What is the key difference between metallic...Ch. 8 - 8.25 Draw a depiction of the band structure of a...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.26PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.27PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.28PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.29PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.30PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.31PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.32PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.33PAECh. 8 - Suppose that a device is using a 15.0-mg sample of...Ch. 8 - 8.35 What is an instantancous dipole?Ch. 8 - 8.36 Why are dispersion forces attractive?Ch. 8 - 8.37 If a molecule is not very polarizable, how...Ch. 8 - 8.38 What is the relationship between...Ch. 8 - 8.39 Under what circumstances are ion-dipole...Ch. 8 - 8.40 Which of the following compounds would be...Ch. 8 - 8.41 What is the specific feature of N, O, and F...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.42PAECh. 8 - 8.43 Identify the kinds of intermolecular forces...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.44PAECh. 8 - 8.45 Describe how interactions between molecules...Ch. 8 - 8.46 What makes a chemical compound volatile?Ch. 8 - 8.47 Answer each of the following questions with...Ch. 8 - 8.48 Why must the vapor pressure of a substance be...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.49PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.50PAECh. 8 - 8.51 Suppose that three unknown pure substances...Ch. 8 - 8.52 Rank the following hydrocarbons in order of...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.53PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.54PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.55PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.56PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.57PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.58PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.59PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.60PAECh. 8 - 8.61 Distinguish between a block copolymer and a...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.62PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.63PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.64PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.65PAECh. 8 - 8.66 What structural characteristics are needed...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.67PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.68PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.69PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.70PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.71PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.72PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.73PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.74PAECh. 8 - 8.75 Using pentagons, draw arrangements that...Ch. 8 - 8.76 Using circles, draw regular two-dimensional...Ch. 8 - 8.77 What is the difference between a bonding...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.78PAECh. 8 - 8.79 Most gaseous compounds consist of small...Ch. 8 - 8.80 Why are dipole—dipole forces typically...Ch. 8 - 8.81 Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a liquid at...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.82PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.83PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.84PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.85PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.86PAECh. 8 - 8.87 Use the vapor pressure curves illustrated...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.88PAECh. 8 - 8.89 The following data show the vapor pressure of...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.90PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.91PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.92PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.93PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.94PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.95PAECh. 8 - 8.96 A business manager wants to provide a wider...Ch. 8 - 8.97 The doping of semiconductors can be done with...Ch. 8 - 8.98 If you know the density of material and the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.99PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.100PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.101PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.102PAECh. 8 - 8.103 Cryolite (Na3AlF6) is used in refining...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.104PAECh. 8 - Prob. 8.105PAE
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- Bond Enthalpy When atoms of the hypothetical element X are placed together, they rapidly undergo reaction to form the X2 molecule: X(g)+X(g)X2(g) a Would you predict that this reaction is exothermic or endothermic? Explain. b Is the bond enthalpy of X2 a positive or a negative quantity? Why? c Suppose H for the reaction is 500 kJ/mol. Estimate the bond enthalpy of the X2 molecule. d Another hypothetical molecular compound, Y2(g), has a bond enthalpy of 750 kJ/mol, and the molecular compound XY(g) has a bond enthalpy of 1500 kJ/mol. Using bond enthalpy information, calculate H for the following reaction. X2(g)+Y2(g)2XY(g) e Given the following information, as well as the information previously presented, predict whether or not the hypothetical ionic compound AX is likely to form. In this compound, A forms the A+ cation, and X forms the X anion. Be sure to justify your answer. Reaction: A(g)+12X2(g)AX(s)The first ionization energy of A(g) is 400 kJ/mol. The electron affinity of X(g) is 525 kJ/mol. The lattice energy of AX(s) is 100 kJ/mol. f If you predicted that no ionic compound would form from the reaction in Part e, what minimum amount of AX(s) lattice energy might lead to compound formation?arrow_forwardOn the basis of your knowledge of bonding in liquids and solids, which of the following has the lowest melting temperature? NaCl, Na, Cl2, SiO2arrow_forwardCalculate the lattice enthalpy for RbC1. You will need the following information: Species AfH°, kJ/mol Rb(g) RbCl(s) Cl(g) 80.9 - 435.4 121.3 Enthalpy of ionization for Rb(g) is 403.0 kJ/mol; electron attachment enthalpy for Cl(g) is −349.0 kJ/mol. Lattice enthalpy = kJ/molarrow_forward
- 16) ( , Using the thermochemical data below calculate the lattice energy for the formation of Na₂O. Na(s) → Na(g) 107.3 kJ/mol Na(g) → Na*(g) + 1 e 495.9 kJ/mol 2 Na(s) + O₂(g) → Na₂O(s) -418 kJ/mol 1/2 O₂(g) → O(g) 249.1 kJ/mol O(g) + 1 e→O(g) -141 kJ/mol -1484.5 kJ/mol O(g) + 1 e0²(g) s) If 115 or pressuarrow_forwardThis thermodynamic cycle describes the formation of an ionic compound MX from a metal element M and nonmetal element X in their standard states. Based of the table (picture): A. What is the lattice enthalpy of MX? (in kJ/mol) B. What is the enthalpy of formation of MX? (in kJ/mol) C. Suppose both the electron affinity of X and the heat of sublimation of M were bigger. Would MX be more or less stable?arrow_forwardWhich one of the following ionic compounds has the smallest lattice formation enthalpy (lattice energy) thus making it the least favorable to form a stable lattice? A) MgF₂ B) Na₂O C) CaO D) LiBrarrow_forward
- This thermodynamic cycle describes the formation of an ionic compound MX from a metal element M and nonmetal element X in their standard states. Based of the table (picture): A. What is the lattice enthalpy of MX2? (in kJ/mol) B. What is the enthalpy of formation of MX2? (in kJ/mol) C. Suppose the electron affinity of X were bigger and the heat of sublimation of M were smaller. Would MX2 be more or less stable? Or would it be impossible to tell without more information?arrow_forward9. Given the information below, determine the lattice energy of MgCl2. Mg(s) - Mg(g) DH°f = +147.1 kJ/mol ½ Cl2(g) – CI(g) DH2°f = +122 kJ/mol Mg(g) – Mg*(g) DH3°t = +738 kJ/mol Mg*(g) Mg* (g) DH4°F = +1450 kJ/mol Cl(g) - Cl (g) DH5°f = -349 kJ/mol Mg(s) + Cl2(g) – MgCl2(s) DH6°r = -641 kJ/molarrow_forwardSuppose a chemist discovers a new metallic element and names it "Xercisium" (Xr). Xr exhibits chemical behaviour similar to an alkaline earth. Xr(s) + Cl2(g) → XrCl2(s) Lattice energy for XrCl2 -2020. kJ/mol First Ionization energy of Xr 500. kJ/mol Second Ionization energy of Xr 950. kJ/mol Electron affinity of Cl -348.7 kJ/mol Bond energy of Cl2 239 kJ/mol Enthalpy of sublimation (atomization) of Xr 200. kJ/mol Use the above data to calculate ΔH°f for Xercisium chloride.arrow_forward
- Calculate the lattice energy of magnesium sulfide from the data given below. Mg(s) → Mg(g) ΔH° = 148 kJ/mol Mg(g) → Mg2+(g) + 2e– ΔH° = 2186 kJ/mol S8(s) → 8S(g) ΔH° = 2232 kJ/mol S(g) + 2e- → S2-(g) ΔH° = 450 kJ/mol 8Mg(s) + S8(s) → 8MgS(s) ΔH° = –2744 kJ/mol MgS(s) → Mg2+(g) + S2-(g) ΔH°lattice = ?arrow_forwardEstimate the ionic radius of Cs+. The lattice energy of CsCl is 633 kJ/mol. For CsCl the Madelungconstant, M, is 1.763, and the Born exponent, n, is 10.7. The ionic radius of Cl– is known to be 1.81 Åarrow_forwardSuppose a chemist discovers a new metallic element and names it "Xhaustium" (Xh).Xh exhibits chemical behaviour similar to an alkaline earth. Xh(s) + F2(g) → XhF2(s) Lattice energy for XhF2 -2140. kJ/mol First Ionization energy of Xh 310. kJ/mol Second Ionization energy of Xh 589 kJ/mol Electron affinity of F -327.8 kJ/mol Bond energy of F2 154 kJ/mol Enthalpy of sublimation (atomization) of Xh 150. kJ/mol Use the above data to calculate ΔH°f for Xhaustium fluoride. Your answer must be accurate and precise to the nearest 1 kJ/mol, as are the given parameters.arrow_forward
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