The reason corresponding to the formation of products in each of the given reactions is to be explained. Concept Introduction: ▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules. ▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active. ▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry. ▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive. ▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers. ▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light ▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light. ▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center. ▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority. ▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass , then, it is assigned according to first point of difference. ▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer. ▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as ( R ) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as ( S ) . ▸ E − Z Configuration is used to designate alkene diastereomers (cis-trans isomers). ▸ Z-isomers have the high priority group on the same side of the double bond whereas E-isomers have the high priority group on the opposite side of the double bond. ▸ In alkenes , if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the same side, configuration is termed as Z-configuration. ▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the opposite side, configuration is termed as E-configuration.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 61P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason corresponding to the formation of products in each of the given reactions is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.

▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light

▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.

▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center.

▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority.

▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass, then, it is assigned according to first point of difference.

▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer.

▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as (R) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as (S).

▸ E−Z Configuration is used to designate alkene diastereomers (cis-trans isomers).

▸ Z-isomers have the high priority group on the same side of the double bond whereas E-isomers have the high priority group on the opposite side of the double bond.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the same side, configuration is termed as Z-configuration.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the opposite side, configuration is termed as E-configuration.

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4. Provide a clear arrow-pushing mechanism for each of the following reactions. Do not skip proton transfers, do not combine steps, and make sure your arrows are clear enough to be interpreted without ambiguity. a. 2. 1. LDA 3. H3O+ HO

b. H3C CH3 H3O+ ✓ H OH

2. Provide reagents/conditions to accomplish the following syntheses. More than one step is required in some cases. a. CH3

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 61P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason corresponding to the formation of products in each of the given reactions is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.

▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light

▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.

▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center.

▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority.

▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass, then, it is assigned according to first point of difference.

▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer.

▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as (R) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as (S).

▸ E−Z Configuration is used to designate alkene diastereomers (cis-trans isomers).

▸ Z-isomers have the high priority group on the same side of the double bond whereas E-isomers have the high priority group on the opposite side of the double bond.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the same side, configuration is termed as Z-configuration.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the opposite side, configuration is termed as E-configuration.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 61P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason corresponding to the formation of products in each of the given reactions is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.

▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light

▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.

▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center.

▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority.

▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass, then, it is assigned according to first point of difference.

▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer.

▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as (R) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as (S).

▸ E−Z Configuration is used to designate alkene diastereomers (cis-trans isomers).

▸ Z-isomers have the high priority group on the same side of the double bond whereas E-isomers have the high priority group on the opposite side of the double bond.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the same side, configuration is termed as Z-configuration.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the opposite side, configuration is termed as E-configuration.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 61P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason corresponding to the formation of products in each of the given reactions is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.

▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light

▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.

▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center.

▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority.

▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass, then, it is assigned according to first point of difference.

▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer.

▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as (R) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as (S).

▸ E−Z Configuration is used to designate alkene diastereomers (cis-trans isomers).

▸ Z-isomers have the high priority group on the same side of the double bond whereas E-isomers have the high priority group on the opposite side of the double bond.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the same side, configuration is termed as Z-configuration.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the opposite side, configuration is termed as E-configuration.

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Answer 5

Chapter 7, Problem 61P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason corresponding to the formation of products in each of the given reactions is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.

▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light

▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.

▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center.

▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority.

▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass, then, it is assigned according to first point of difference.

▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer.

▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as (R) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as (S).

▸ E−Z Configuration is used to designate alkene diastereomers (cis-trans isomers).

▸ Z-isomers have the high priority group on the same side of the double bond whereas E-isomers have the high priority group on the opposite side of the double bond.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the same side, configuration is termed as Z-configuration.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the opposite side, configuration is termed as E-configuration.

Answer 6

Chapter 7, Problem 61P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason corresponding to the formation of products in each of the given reactions is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.

▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light

▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.

▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center.

▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority.

▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass, then, it is assigned according to first point of difference.

▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer.

▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as (R) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as (S).

▸ E−Z Configuration is used to designate alkene diastereomers (cis-trans isomers).

▸ Z-isomers have the high priority group on the same side of the double bond whereas E-isomers have the high priority group on the opposite side of the double bond.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the same side, configuration is termed as Z-configuration.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the opposite side, configuration is termed as E-configuration.

Answer 7

Chapter 7, Problem 61P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason corresponding to the formation of products in each of the given reactions is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.

▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light

▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.

▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center.

▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority.

▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass, then, it is assigned according to first point of difference.

▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer.

▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as (R) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as (S).

▸ E−Z Configuration is used to designate alkene diastereomers (cis-trans isomers).

▸ Z-isomers have the high priority group on the same side of the double bond whereas E-isomers have the high priority group on the opposite side of the double bond.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the same side, configuration is termed as Z-configuration.

▸ In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the opposite side, configuration is termed as E-configuration.

Answer 8

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Answer 11

Ch. 7 - Prob. 1PP Ch. 7 - Prob. 2PP Ch. 7 - Prob. 3PP Ch. 7 - Prob. 4PP Ch. 7 - Practice Problem 7.5 How many stereoisomers are...Ch. 7 - Prob. 6PP Ch. 7 - Prob. 7PP Ch. 7 - PRACTICE PROBLEM 7.8 Examine Solved Problem 7.3....Ch. 7 - Prob. 9PP Ch. 7 - Practice Problem 7.10 When...

Solution Summary: The author explains the reason corresponding to the formation of products in each of the given reactions.

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