The IHD of the given compounds is to be determined. Concept Introduction: ▸ Electrophiles are electron deficient species which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles which accept electron pair. ▸ Nucleophiles are electron rich species which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles which donate electron pair. ▸ Free radical is an atom, molecule or ion that has unpaired electrons which makes it highly chemically reactive. ▸ Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction. ▸ Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction. ▸ Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules. ▸ The reaction in which hydrogen is added to the compound in the presence of catalyst is known as hydrogenation. ▸ The number of moles of hydrogen absorbed will be equal to the number of double bonds. ▸ Hydrogenation of alkenes or alkynes is an addition reaction that leads to the formation of alkanes. It is done in the presence of reducing agents such as H 2 / N i . ▸ The change in number of pairs of hydrogen atoms of a given compound and the acyclic compound which has the number of carbon atoms same as the number of carbon atoms in the given compound, is known as the Index of hydrogen deficiency. ▸ The Index of hydrogen deficiency can be denoted by IHD. ▸ The Index of hydrogen deficiency can be calculated by using the following formula: IHD = rings + π bonds = C − H 2 − X 2 + N 2 + 1 Here C represents number of carbon atoms, H represents number of hydrogen atoms, N represents number of nitrogen atoms, and X represents number of halogen atoms.

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Chapter 7, Problem 64P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The IHD of the given compounds is to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

▸ Electrophiles are electron deficient species which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles which accept electron pair.

▸ Nucleophiles are electron rich species which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles which donate electron pair.

▸ Free radical is an atom, molecule or ion that has unpaired electrons which makes it highly chemically reactive.

▸ Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

▸ Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

▸ Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

▸ The reaction in which hydrogen is added to the compound in the presence of catalyst is known as hydrogenation.

▸ The number of moles of hydrogen absorbed will be equal to the number of double bonds.

▸ Hydrogenation of alkenes or alkynes is an addition reaction that leads to the formation of alkanes. It is done in the presence of reducing agents such as H2/Ni.

▸ The change in number of pairs of hydrogen atoms of a given compound and the acyclic compound which has the number of carbon atoms same as the number of carbon atoms in the given compound, is known as the Index of hydrogen deficiency.

▸ The Index of hydrogen deficiency can be denoted by IHD.

▸ The Index of hydrogen deficiency can be calculated by using the following formula:

IHD=rings+πbonds=C−H2−X2+N2+1

Here C represents number of carbon atoms, H represents number of hydrogen atoms, N represents number of nitrogen atoms, and X represents number of halogen atoms.

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