
Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The retro synthesis analysis for the given compound is to be developed, the reactions are to be written for the synthesis of this compound, the synthetic intermediates show IR absorption that would result from retrosynthetic analyses and its 3-d structure of major product is to be drawn.
Concept Introduction:
▸ Electrophiles are electron deficient species which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles which accept electron pair.
▸ Nucleophiles are electron rich species which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles which donate electron pair.
▸ Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogens of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group.
▸ Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed.
▸ Addition reaction: A reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by addition of molecules.
▸ Retrosynthesis: A process by which the reaction used to form target product is deduced by determining the immediate reactant used to produce it and then repeating the step again to determine other precursors.
▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.
▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.
▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.
▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.
▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.
▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light
▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.
▸ The reaction in which hydrogen is added to the compound in the presence of catalyst is known as hydrogenation.
▸ The number of moles of hydrogen absorbed will be equal to the number of double bonds.
▸ Infrared spectroscopy is a simple, instrumental technique, which helps to determine the presence of various
▸ It depends on the interactions of atoms or molecules with the
▸ Sodium amide is a strong base and it helps in the formation of acetylide that can be converted into bigger
▸ Reduction is a process in which hydrogen atoms are added to a compound. Usual reagent used in reduction process is
▸ Chair conformations: It is the most stable conformation, which accurately shows the spatial arrangement of atoms.
▸ Equatorial bonds are parallel to the average plane of the ring, while axial bonds are perpendicular to the average plane of the ring.
▸ The conformation having bonds at the equatorial positions are more stable than those with bonds at the axial position.
▸ On flipping the cyclohexane ring, axial bonds become equatorial bonds and equatorial bonds becomes axial bond.
▸ Bulkier group acquires equatorial positions to form stable conformer due to steric factors.
▸ In double bond or cyclic compounds, if two same functional groups are present on the same side of the double bond or cyclic compound, the given compound can be labeled as cis.
▸ If the two functional groups are present on the different sides of the double bond or cyclic compound, the given compound can be labeled as Trans.
▸ Cis-trans isomerism exists in the compounds in which similar groups are present on the adjacent carbon atoms.

Trending nowThis is a popular solution!

Chapter 7 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- What are the angles a and b in the actual molecule of which this is a Lewis structure? H H C H- a -H b H Note for advanced students: give the ideal angles, and don't worry about small differences from the ideal groups may have slightly different sizes. a = b = 0 °arrow_forwardWhat are the angles a and b in the actual molecule of which this is a Lewis structure? :0: HCOH a Note for advanced students: give the ideal angles, and don't worry about small differences from the ideal that might be caused by the fact that different electron groups may have slightly different sizes. a = 0 b=0° Sarrow_forwardDetermine the structures of the missing organic molecules in the following reaction: + H₂O +H OH O OH +H OH X Note: Molecules that share the same letter have the exact same structure. In the drawing area below, draw the skeletal ("line") structure of the missing organic molecule X. Click and drag to start drawing a structure.arrow_forward
- Identify the missing organic reactant in the following reaction: x + x O OH H* + ☑- X H+ O O Х Note: This chemical equation only focuses on the important organic molecules in the reaction. Additional inorganic or small-molecule reactants or products (like H₂O) are not shown. In the drawing area below, draw the skeletal ("line") structure of the missing organic reactant X. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. Carrow_forwardCH3O OH OH O hemiacetal O acetal O neither O 0 O hemiacetal acetal neither OH hemiacetal O acetal O neither CH2 O-CH2-CH3 CH3-C-OH O hemiacetal O acetal CH3-CH2-CH2-0-c-O-CH2-CH2-CH3 O neither HO-CH2 ? 000 Ar Barrow_forwardWhat would be the best choices for the missing reagents 1 and 3 in this synthesis? 1. PPh3 2 2. n-BuLi 3 Draw the missing reagents in the drawing area below. You can draw them in any arrangement you like. • Do not draw the missing reagent 2. If you draw 1 correctly, we'll know what it is. • Note: if one of your reagents needs to contain a halogen, use bromine. Explanation Check Click and drag to start drawing a structure.arrow_forward
- Predict the products of this organic reaction: NaBH3CN + NH2 ? H+ Click and drag to start drawing a structure. ×arrow_forwardPredict the organic products that form in the reaction below: + OH +H H+ ➤ ☑ X - Y Note: You may assume you have an excess of either reactant if the reaction requires more than one of those molecules to form the products. In the drawing area below, draw the skeletal ("line") structures of the missing organic products X and Y. You may draw the structures in any arrangement that you like, so long as they aren't touching. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. Garrow_forwardPredict the organic products that form in the reaction below: OH H+ H+ + ☑ Y Note: You may assume you have an excess of either reactant if the reaction requires more than one of those molecules to form the products. In the drawing area below, draw the skeletal ("line") structures of the missing organic products X and Y. You may draw the structures in any arrangement that you like, so long as they aren't touching. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. ✓ marrow_forward
- Determine the structures of the missing organic molecules in the following reaction: + H₂O +H H+ Y Z ☑ ☑ Note: Molecules that share the same letter have the exact same structure. In the drawing area below, draw the skeletal ("line") structures of the missing organic molecules X, Y, and Z. You may draw the structures in any arrangement that you like, so long as they aren't touching. Molecule X shows up in multiple steps, but you only have to draw its structure once. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. AP +arrow_forwardPlease help, this is all the calculations i got!!! I will rate!!!Approx mass of KMnO in vial: 3.464 4 Moss of beaker 3×~0. z Nax200: = 29.9219 Massof weacerv after remosimgain N2C2O4. Need to fill in all the missing blanks. ง ง Approx mass of KMnO4 in vials 3.464 Mass of beaker + 3x ~0-304: 29.9219 2~0.20 Miss of beaker + 2x- 29.7239 Mass of beaker + 1x~0.2g Naz (204 29-5249 Mass of beaver after removing as qa Na₂ C₂O T1 T2 T3 Final Buiet reading Initial butet reading (int)) Hass of NaOr used for Titration -reading (mL) calculation Results: 8.5ml 17mL 27.4mL Oml Om Oml T1 T2 T3 Moles of No CO Moles of KMO used LOF KM. O used Molenty of KMNO Averagem Of KMOWLarrow_forwardDraw the skeletal ("line") structure of 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanal. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. Xarrow_forward
