BIOLOGY 2E
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781506699851
Author: OpenStax
Publisher: XANEDU PUBLISHING
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 7, Problem 19CTQ
Nearly all organisms on Earth carry out some form of glycolysis. How does this fact support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest
Expert Solution & Answer
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Students have asked these similar questions
Which statement best describes the reason why some of the reactions of glycolysis
cannot be run in reverse in gluconeogenesis?
1)
The last reactions occur in mitochondria and reactions there can never be
reversed.
2) Glycolysis includes isomerization reactions and these can never be reversed.
3)
There are some allaşteric enzymes and allosteric enzymes can never be
reversed.
4)
Some reactions have such large negative free energy changes that they can
never be reversed under cellular conditions.
O
a) Identify three differences between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
b) Why should we avoid just seeing these processes of reversals of each other?
Why does glycolysis require ATP investment on a thermodynamic and molecular level?
Chapter 7 Solutions
BIOLOGY 2E
Ch. 7 - Figure 7.11 Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an "uncoupler"...Ch. 7 - Figure 7.12 Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase,...Ch. 7 - (Figure 7.14) Tremetol, a metabolic poison found...Ch. 7 - The energy currency used by cells is ATP ADP AMP...Ch. 7 - A reducing chemical reaction. reduces the compound...Ch. 7 - During the second half of glycolysis, what occurs?...Ch. 7 - What is removed from pyruvate during its...Ch. 7 - What do the electrons added to NAD+ do? They...Ch. 7 - GTP or ATP is produced during the conversion of...Ch. 7 - How many NADU molecules are produced on each turn...
Ch. 7 - What compound receives elections from NADH? FMN...Ch. 7 - Chemiosmosis involves. the movement of electrons...Ch. 7 - Which of the following fermentation methods can...Ch. 7 - A major connection for sugars in glycolysis is...Ch. 7 - Beta-oxidation is. the breakdown of sugars the...Ch. 7 - The effect of high levels of ADP is to__inv __...Ch. 7 - The control of which enzyme exerts the most...Ch. 7 - Why is it beneficial for cells to use ATP rather...Ch. 7 - Nearly all organisms on Earth carry out some form...Ch. 7 - Because they lose their mitochondria during...Ch. 7 - What is the primary difference between a circular...Ch. 7 - How do the roles of ubiquinone and cytochrome c...Ch. 7 - What accounts for the different number of ATP...Ch. 7 - What is the primary difference between...Ch. 7 - Would you describe metabolic pathways as...Ch. 7 - How does citrate from the citric acid cycle affect...Ch. 7 - Why might negative feedback mechanisms be more...
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Find more solutions based on key concepts
Suppose two children push horizontally, but in exactly opposite directions, on a third child in a wagon. The fi...
College Physics
1. What are the main organs of the skeletal system?
Human Anatomy & Physiology (2nd Edition)
3. CAUTION Why is genetic drift aptly named?
a. It causes allele frequencies to drift up or down randomly.
b. I...
Biological Science (6th Edition)
MAKE CONNECTIONS Review the description of meiosis (see Figure 10.8) and Mendels laws of segregation and indepe...
Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
3. What are serous membranes, and what are their functions?
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Define histology.
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Plus Mastering A&P with eText - Access Card Package (10th Edition) (New A&P Titles by Ric Martini and Judi Nath)
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Nearly all of the energy used by living cells comes from the energy in the bonds of the sugar glucose. As glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, it is probably one of the earlier metabolic pathways to evolve since it is used by nearly all the organisms on Earth. As discussed, why are coupled reactions important in the process of glycolysis?arrow_forwardWhy is the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) an important step in glycolysis? How is the isomerization of F6P back into G6P prevented?arrow_forwardOf the 36 molecules of ATP produced by the complete metabolism of glucose, how many are produced directly in glycolysis alone, that is, before the common pathway?arrow_forward
- In one of the steps of glycolysis, the enzyme pyruvate kinase catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate; the phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred to ADP to form ATP during the reaction. This process is an example of: A) O ATP synthesis by substrate-level phosphorylation B) O coupling an energy releasing process to an energy requiring process C) O oxidative phosphorylation D) OB and C are correct E) OA and B are correctarrow_forwardThe last step of glycolysis converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate. Several intermediates involved in the steps for the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate via gluconeogenesis are given. Choose and place the right intermediates produced from these steps in the correct order. (Select from: Oxaloacetate, Ethanol, Pyruvate, Ketoglutarate, Phosphoenolpyruvate, Malate, Fumarate) _________ → _________ → _________ → __________ → Phosphoenolpyruvatearrow_forwardWhile the conversion of glucose (Glc) to pyrucate (Pyr) is shared across all domains of life, the route to get there can differ dramatically. In some Archaea, for example, some of the key steps in glycolysis differ. One example of this is the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). Instead of the two-step process catalyzed by GAPDH and PGK: GAPDH GAP + Pi + NAD+ -----> BGP + NADH PGK BGP + ADP <-----> 3PG + ATP The archaeal pathway utilizes the enzyme non-phosporylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN) to catalyze the metabolically irreversible step shown below: GAPN GAP + NADP+ ---> BGP + NADPH In bacteria and eukaryotes, GAPDH/PGK are not regulated via allosteric activation or inhibition. Do you imagine this is the same for GAPN? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- While the conversion of glucose (Glc) to pyrucate (Pyr) is shared across all domains of life, the route to get there can differ dramatically. In some Archaea, for example, some of the key steps in glycolysis differ. One example of this is the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). Instead of the two-step process catalyzed by GAPDH and PGK: GAPDH GAP + Pi + NAD+ -----> BGP + NADH PGK BGP + ADP <-----> 3PG + ATP The archaeal pathway utilizes the enzyme non-phosporylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN) to catalyze the metabolically irreversible step shown below: GAPN GAP + NADP+ ---> BGP + NADPH In terms of the ΔGrxn, why is the GAPDH+PGK process reversible but the GAPN process is not?arrow_forwardTwo reactions are shown below. These reactions are directly coupled in cells by an enzyme called hexokinase, which is a key enzyme in glycolysis. It is generally the case that reactions that are directly coupled by enzymes share some common reactants. What is the net reaction when these two reactions are combined? Glucose + Inorganic Phosphate + ATP + Water → Glucose 6-phosphate + ADP Glucose + ATP + Water → Glucose 6-phosphate + ADP + Inorganic Phosphate Glucose + ATP → Glucose 6-phosphate + Inorganic Phosphate Glucose + ATP → Glucose 6-phosphate + ADParrow_forwardGluconeogenesis involves the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. The organs most active from the perspective of gluconeogenesis are the liver and the kidney, which supply glucose to the organs that cannot synthesize it, yet have a strict need for glucose as an energy source. Gluconeogenesis requires several equilibrium steps of glycolysis to run in the reverse direction. What are the reactants and products when GAPDH runs in the direction of gluconeogenesis Glycolysis as a ten-step pathway from glucose to pyruvate is Favourable. Is gluconeogenesis favourable under standard conditions (ie. is the ΔGo’ for the pathway negative)? c. What is true about the thermodynamics of the regulated steps in glycolysis. Compare ΔG and ΔGo’ for those steps in both directions.arrow_forward
- Which of the following about glycolysis ARE/IS correct? (choose all that apply) a) During glycolysis, a Cys residue on an enzyme works as a nucleophile to attack a carbonyl group on a substrate. b) The net result of a single glycolysis run on one molecule of glucose creates two molecules of pyruvate and 2 ATP c) If you label C3 and C4 in glucose, after it is converted to lactate, you can't find any labeled carbons. please explain your answer(s)arrow_forwardCellular respiration is a metabolic process that breaks down glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Oxygen is an essential molecule to efficiently divert the glucose into an energy-rich molecules needed to sustain activities of the cell. Hence, carbon dioxide and water are the end-products of cellular respiration. The overall process can be refined into three main metabolic stages namely (1) glycolysis, (2) tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), and (3) oxidative phosphorylation. In plant cells, the enzymes that catalyze the individual steps involved in respiration and energy conservation are located in highly organized compartment called mitochondrion. In this laboratory activity, you will use the germinated mung beans (Vigna radiata) to demonstrate what happens to the stored sugar in the seed upon its utilization during cellular respiration. At the end of the experiment, you are expected to identify what are the different factors that affect cellular respiration.arrow_forwardIn the living cell, free energy made from one reaction can be used to drive another in an energetically unfavorable direction, provided the two reactions have a common intermediate (this is termed the principle of common intermediates). Example: In glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate; in gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is converted into glucose. However, the actual ΔG for the formation of pyruvate from glucose is about -84 kJ/mol under typical cellular conditions. Most of the decrease in free energy in glycolysis takes place in three essentially irreversible steps catalyzed by, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase. Use one of the 3 opposing reactions (in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis) to demonstrate the PRINCIPLE OF COMMON INTERMEDIATESarrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Concepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax College
Concepts of Biology
Biology
ISBN:9781938168116
Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise
Publisher:OpenStax College
Anaerobic Respiration; Author: Bozeman Science;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDC29iBxb3w;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY