Chapter 6, Problem 6G.1E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in concentration of ${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}$ ions when acetic acid is added to sodium acetate solution have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Le Chatlier’s principle:

Le Chatlier's principle states that if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to neutralize the change to re establish equilibrium.  If a chemical reaction is at equilibrium and experiences a change in pressure, temperature, or concentration of products or reactants, the equilibrium shifts in the opposite direction to offset the change.

Example:

  ${\text{CO+2H}}_{\text{2}}\rightleftharpoons {\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{OH}$

If the concentration of carbon monoxide increased in the system the amount of methanol will increase.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The changes in the percentage protonation of benzoic acid on adding hydrochloric acid has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Refer part to (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The pH change when ${\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}\text{Cl}$ is added to aqueous ammonia has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Refer part to (a).