(a) Interpretation: The pKa value for a protonated amine ( R 3 NH + ) depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, as shown below. This order disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability. From least acidic to most acidic, the order that would be predicted using charge stability is to be determined. Concept introduction: The stability of a charged species depends on the groups attached to the positively charged atom. The electron withdrawing group increases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. While, the electron donating group decreases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. This increases the stability of nearby positively charged atom. In general, cations are stabilized by electron-donating groups near the positive charge.

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Answer 1

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Chapter 6, Problem 6.88P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The pKa value for a protonated amine (R3NH+) depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, as shown below. This order disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability. From least acidic to most acidic, the order that would be predicted using charge stability is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The stability of a charged species depends on the groups attached to the positively charged atom. The electron withdrawing group increases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. While, the electron donating group decreases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. This increases the stability of nearby positively charged atom. In general, cations are stabilized by electron-donating groups near the positive charge.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The pKa value for a protonated amine (R3NH+) depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, as shown below. This order disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability. The reason for the discrepancy is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The stability of a charged species decreases as the effective electronegativity of an atom bearing a positive charge increases. The electron donating group decreases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. This increases the stability of nearby positively charged atom. In general, cations are stabilized by electron-donating groups near the positive charge. Bulky group around the cation, reduces the solvation process. This decreases the stability of the ion and increases acidity.

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(a 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of extruded actions of packing bed for two capillary columns of different diameters, al 750 (bottom image) and b) 30-μm-i.d. Both columns are packed with the same stationary phase, spherical particles with 1-um diameter. A) When the columns were prepared, the figure shows that the column with the larger diameter has more packing irregularities. Explain this observation. B) Predict what affect this should have on band broadening and discuss your prediction using the van Deemter terms. C) Does this figure support your explanations in application question 33? Explain why or why not and make any changes in your answers in light of this figure. Figure 4 SEM images of sections of packed columns for a) 750 and b) 30-um-i.d. capillary columns.³

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34. Figure 3 shows Van Deemter plots for a solute molecule using different column inner diameters (i.d.). A) Predict whether decreasing the column inner diameters increase or decrease bandwidth. B) Predict which van Deemter equation coefficient (A, B, or C) has the greatest effect on increasing or decreasing bandwidth as a function of i.d. and justify your answer. Figure 3 Van Deemter plots for hydroquinone using different column inner diameters (i.d. in μm). The data was obtained from liquid chromatography experiments using fused-silica capillary columns packed with 1.0-μm particles. 35 20 H(um) 큰 20 15 90 0+ 1500 100 75 550 01 02 594 05 μ(cm/sec) 30 15 10

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 6.88P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The pKa value for a protonated amine (R3NH+) depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, as shown below. This order disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability. From least acidic to most acidic, the order that would be predicted using charge stability is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The stability of a charged species depends on the groups attached to the positively charged atom. The electron withdrawing group increases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. While, the electron donating group decreases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. This increases the stability of nearby positively charged atom. In general, cations are stabilized by electron-donating groups near the positive charge.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The pKa value for a protonated amine (R3NH+) depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, as shown below. This order disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability. The reason for the discrepancy is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The stability of a charged species decreases as the effective electronegativity of an atom bearing a positive charge increases. The electron donating group decreases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. This increases the stability of nearby positively charged atom. In general, cations are stabilized by electron-donating groups near the positive charge. Bulky group around the cation, reduces the solvation process. This decreases the stability of the ion and increases acidity.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 6.88P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The pKa value for a protonated amine (R3NH+) depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, as shown below. This order disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability. From least acidic to most acidic, the order that would be predicted using charge stability is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The stability of a charged species depends on the groups attached to the positively charged atom. The electron withdrawing group increases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. While, the electron donating group decreases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. This increases the stability of nearby positively charged atom. In general, cations are stabilized by electron-donating groups near the positive charge.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The pKa value for a protonated amine (R3NH+) depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, as shown below. This order disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability. The reason for the discrepancy is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The stability of a charged species decreases as the effective electronegativity of an atom bearing a positive charge increases. The electron donating group decreases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. This increases the stability of nearby positively charged atom. In general, cations are stabilized by electron-donating groups near the positive charge. Bulky group around the cation, reduces the solvation process. This decreases the stability of the ion and increases acidity.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 6.88P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The pKa value for a protonated amine (R3NH+) depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, as shown below. This order disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability. From least acidic to most acidic, the order that would be predicted using charge stability is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The stability of a charged species depends on the groups attached to the positively charged atom. The electron withdrawing group increases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. While, the electron donating group decreases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. This increases the stability of nearby positively charged atom. In general, cations are stabilized by electron-donating groups near the positive charge.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The pKa value for a protonated amine (R3NH+) depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, as shown below. This order disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability. The reason for the discrepancy is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The stability of a charged species decreases as the effective electronegativity of an atom bearing a positive charge increases. The electron donating group decreases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. This increases the stability of nearby positively charged atom. In general, cations are stabilized by electron-donating groups near the positive charge. Bulky group around the cation, reduces the solvation process. This decreases the stability of the ion and increases acidity.

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Answer 5

Chapter 6, Problem 6.88P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The pKa value for a protonated amine (R3NH+) depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, as shown below. This order disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability. From least acidic to most acidic, the order that would be predicted using charge stability is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The stability of a charged species depends on the groups attached to the positively charged atom. The electron withdrawing group increases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. While, the electron donating group decreases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. This increases the stability of nearby positively charged atom. In general, cations are stabilized by electron-donating groups near the positive charge.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The pKa value for a protonated amine (R3NH+) depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, as shown below. This order disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability. The reason for the discrepancy is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The stability of a charged species decreases as the effective electronegativity of an atom bearing a positive charge increases. The electron donating group decreases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. This increases the stability of nearby positively charged atom. In general, cations are stabilized by electron-donating groups near the positive charge. Bulky group around the cation, reduces the solvation process. This decreases the stability of the ion and increases acidity.

Answer 6

Chapter 6, Problem 6.88P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The pKa value for a protonated amine (R3NH+) depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, as shown below. This order disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability. From least acidic to most acidic, the order that would be predicted using charge stability is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The stability of a charged species depends on the groups attached to the positively charged atom. The electron withdrawing group increases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. While, the electron donating group decreases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. This increases the stability of nearby positively charged atom. In general, cations are stabilized by electron-donating groups near the positive charge.

Answer 7

Chapter 6, Problem 6.88P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The pKa value for a protonated amine (R3NH+) depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, as shown below. This order disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability. From least acidic to most acidic, the order that would be predicted using charge stability is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The stability of a charged species depends on the groups attached to the positively charged atom. The electron withdrawing group increases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. While, the electron donating group decreases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. This increases the stability of nearby positively charged atom. In general, cations are stabilized by electron-donating groups near the positive charge.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The pKa value for a protonated amine (R3NH+) depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, as shown below. This order disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability. The reason for the discrepancy is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The stability of a charged species decreases as the effective electronegativity of an atom bearing a positive charge increases. The electron donating group decreases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. This increases the stability of nearby positively charged atom. In general, cations are stabilized by electron-donating groups near the positive charge. Bulky group around the cation, reduces the solvation process. This decreases the stability of the ion and increases acidity.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The pKa value for a protonated amine (R3NH+) depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, as shown below. This order disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability. The reason for the discrepancy is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The stability of a charged species decreases as the effective electronegativity of an atom bearing a positive charge increases. The electron donating group decreases the concentration of positive charge on the nearby atom. This increases the stability of nearby positively charged atom. In general, cations are stabilized by electron-donating groups near the positive charge. Bulky group around the cation, reduces the solvation process. This decreases the stability of the ion and increases acidity.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.1P Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.2P Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.3P Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.4P Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.5P Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.6P Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.7P Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.8P Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.9P Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that the pKa value for a protonated amine depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to N, which disagrees with what we would predict using charge stability.

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