
(a)
Interpretation: The term immiscible liquid phase needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.
(a)

Answer to Problem 3E
The immiscible liquid phases can be defined as the two liquid phases which are not soluble with each other and form two separate layers such as oil and water.
Explanation of Solution
During the separation method by separating funnel, the immiscible solvent is added to the solution. Here, the solvent must be immiscible in solvent of the solution therefore it forms two immiscible liquid phases.
Hence, immiscible liquid phases can be defined as the two liquid phases which are not soluble with each other and form two separate layers such as oil and water.
(b)
Interpretation: The term distribution coefficient needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.
(b)

Answer to Problem 3E
The ratio of the concentration of a substance in one medium (C1) to the concentration in a second medium (C2) at equilibrium.
Explanation of Solution
During the separation method by separating funnel, the immiscible solvent is added to the solution. Here the solvent must be immiscible in solvent of the solution therefore it forms two immiscible liquid phases.
At equilibrium, the ratio of concentration of solute is constant in each layer that can be represented by partition coefficient or distribution coefficient. It is the ratio of the concentration of a substance in one medium (C1) to the concentration in a second medium (C2) at equilibrium.
(c)
Interpretation: The term adsorption needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.
(c)

Answer to Problem 3E
Adsorption can be defined as the adhesion of particles of dissolved solid on the surface.
Explanation of Solution
Surface chemistry deals with two phenomenon, adsorption and absorption. Adsorption can be defined as the adhesion of particles of dissolved solid on the surface. It creates a monolayer film of the particles of dissolved solid on the surface of the adsorbent. Here the particles of dissolved solid are called as adsorbate. For example, gas can adsorb on the surface of activated charcoal as the gas molecules form a layer on the surface of activated charcoal.
(d)
Interpretation: The term absorption needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.
(d)

Answer to Problem 3E
Absorption is a bulk phenomenon in which the particles of dissolved solid enters in the bulk phase of solid or liquid phase.
Explanation of Solution
Surface chemistry deals with two phenomenon, adsorption and absorption. Absorption is a bulk phenomenon in which the particles of dissolved solid enters in the bulk phase of solid or liquid phase.
It does notcreate any layer pf the particles of dissolved solid on the surface of the adsorbent but enters in the liquid phase. Here the particles of dissolved solid are called as absorbate. For example, carbon dioxide gas can absorbin water.
(e)
Interpretation: The term conjugated base of acid HA needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.
(e)

Answer to Problem 3E
The conjugated base of acid A is the specie that is formed after giving
Explanation of Solution
Bronsted and Lowery purposed the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory. It states that acid can give
(f)
Interpretation: The term conjugated acid of base B- needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.
(f)

Answer to Problem 3E
The conjugated acid of B- ion is BH that is formed after accepting the H+ ion.
Explanation of Solution
Bronsted and Lowery purposed the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory. It states that acid can give
Similarly, the base B-will accept
The conjugated acid of B- ion is BH that is formed after accepting the H+ ion.
(g)
Interpretation: The term liquid-liquid extraction needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.
(g)

Answer to Problem 3E
The liquid-liquid extraction is a separation method of component with the help of two immiscible liquids.
Explanation of Solution
During the separation method by separating funnel, the immiscible solvent is added to the solution. Here the solvent must be immiscible in solvent of the solution therefore it forms two immiscible liquid phases.
At equilibrium the ratio of concentration of solute is constant in each layer that can be represented by partition coefficient or distribution coefficient. It is the ratio of the concentration of a substance in one medium (C1) to the concentration in a second medium (C2) at equilibrium.
This separation method of component from a solution with the help of two immiscible liquids is called as liquid-liquid extraction.
(h)
Interpretation: The term liquid-liquid extraction needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.
(h)

Answer to Problem 3E
The term hydrophilic can be defined as the part of molecule or species that is attracted towards water.
Explanation of Solution
Based on solubility of substance in water, they can be classified as hydrophilic and hydrophobic end. The hydrophilic substance is soluble in water due to affinity of molecule towards water. For example, alcohol is soluble in water due to its tendency to form hydrogen bonding with water molecule.
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Chapter 5 Solutions
Experimental Organic Chemistry: A Miniscale & Microscale Approach (Cengage Learning Laboratory Series for Organic Chemistry)
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- Principles of Modern ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305079113Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. ButlerPublisher:Cengage Learning
