
Concept explainers
Knickknack, Inc. manufactures two products: Odds and Ends. The firm uses a single, plantwide
Calculation of predetermined overhead rate:
Manufacturing overhead budget:
Predetermined overhead rate:
Knickknack, Inc. prices its products at 120 percent of cost, which yields target prices of $199.20 for Odds and $298.80 for Ends. Recently, however, Knickknack has been challenged in the market for Ends by a European competitor, Bricabrac Corporation. A new entrant in this market, Bricabrac has been selling Ends for $220 each. Knickknack’s president is puzzled by Bricabrac’s ability to sell Ends at such a low cost. She has asked you (the controller) to look into the matter. You have decided that Knickknack’s traditional, volume-based product-costing system may be causing cost distortion between the firm’s two products. Ends are a high-volume, relatively simple product. Odds, on the other hand, are quite complex and exhibit a much lower volume. As a result, you have begun work on an activity-based costing system.
Required:
- 1. Let each of the overhead categories in the budget represent an activity cost pool. Categorize each in terms of the type of activity (e.g., unit-level activity).
- 2. The following cost drivers have been identified for the four activity cost pools.
You have gathered the following additional information:
- Each Odd requires 4 machine hours, whereas each End requires 1 machine hour.
- Odds are manufactured in production runs of 50 units each. Ends are manufactured in 250-unit batches.
- Three-quarters of the engineering activity, as measured in terms of change orders, is related to Odds.
- The plant has 1,920 square feet of space, 80 percent of which is used in the production of Odds.
For each activity cost pool, compute a pool rate. (Hint: Regarding the pool rate refer to Exhibit 5–6.)
- 3. Determine the unit cost, for each activity cost pool, for Odds and Ends.
- 4. Compute the new product cost per unit for Odds and Ends, using the ABC system.
- 5. Using the same pricing policy as in the past, compute prices for Odds and Ends. Use the product costs determined by the ABC system.
- 6. Show that the ABC system fully assigns the total budgeted
manufacturing overhead costs of $816,000. - 7. Show how Knickknack’s traditional, volume-based costing system distorted its product costs. (Refer to Exhibit 5–10 for guidance.)
1.

Categorize each in terms of the type of activity.
Explanation of Solution
Activity-based costing: It is a method that helps in finding the activities performed by a company and it tracks the indirect costs to the activities of the company that consumes resources.
Categorize each in terms of the type of activity are shown below:
Activity Cost Pool | Type of Activity |
I: Machine related costs | Unit-level |
II: Setup and inspection | Batch- level |
III: Engineering | Product-sustaining-level |
IV: Plant-related costs | Facility-level |
Table (1)
2.

Calculate pool rate of each activity cost pool.
Explanation of Solution
Activity Cost Pool | Cost (A) | Cost drivers (B) | Pool rate (A ÷ B) |
I: Machine related costs | $450,000 | 9,000 machine hours | $50 per machine hour |
II: Setup and inspection | $180,000 | 40 runs | $4,500 per run |
III: Engineering | $90,000 | 100 change orders | $900 per change order |
IV: Plant-related costs | $96,000 | 1,920 square feet | $50 square feet |
Table (2)
3.

Calculate unit cost for each activity cost pool for odds and ends.
Explanation of Solution
Calculate unit cost for machine related costs for odds.
Calculate unit cost for machine related costs for ends.
Calculate unit cost for setup and inspection costs for odds.
Calculate unit cost for setup and inspection cost for ends.
Calculate unit cost for engineering for odds.
Calculate unit cost for engineering for ends.
Calculate unit cost for plant related costs of Odds.
Calculate unit cost for plant related cost of ends.
4.

Calculate the new product cost per unit for odds and ends using activity based costing.
Explanation of Solution
Calculate the new product cost per unit for odds and ends using activity based costing are given below:
Particulars | Odds | Ends |
Direct materials | $40 | $60 |
Direct labor | $30 | $45 |
Manufacturing overhead: | ||
Machine related | $200 | $50 |
Setup and inspection | $90 | $18 |
Engineering | $67.50 | $4.50 |
Plant related | $76.80 | $3.84 |
Total cost per unit | $504.30 | $181.34 |
Table (3)
5.

Calculate the product costs using the same pricing policy as in the past for odds and ends.
Explanation of Solution
Calculate the product costs using the same pricing policy as in the past for odds and ends.
Particulars | Odds | Ends |
New product cost (ABC) (A) | $504.30 | $181.34 |
Pricing policy (B) | 120% | 120% |
New target price (A × B) | $605.16 | $217.61 |
Table (4)
6.

Display that the activity based costing system fully assigns the total budgeted manufacturing overhead costs of $816,000.
Explanation of Solution
Particulars | Odds | Ends | Total |
Manufacturing overhead costs: | |||
Machine related | $200 | $50 | |
Setup and inspection | $90 | $18 | |
Engineering | $67.50 | $4.50 | |
Plant-related | $76.80 | $3.84 | |
Total overhead cost per unit (A) | $434.30 | $76.34 | |
Production volume (B) | 1,000 | 5,000 | |
Total overhead cost assigned | $434,300 | $381,700 | $816,000 |
Table (5)
7.

Prepare a table showing traditional based product costing system distorts the product costs of odds and evens.
Explanation of Solution
Prepare a table showing traditional based product costing system distorts the product costs of odds and evens.
Particulars | Product G | Product T |
Traditional based costing system - reported cost system | $166.00 | $249.00 |
Less: Activity based costing system - Reported cost system | $504.30 | $181.34 |
Traditional system Over costs (Under costs) per unit (A) | ($338.30) | $67.66 |
Product volume (B) | 1,000 | 5,000 |
Total amount of cost distortion for entire product line (A × B) | ($338,300) | $338,300 |
Table (1)
Traditional system overcosts ends by $67.66 per unit, and traditional system undercosts odds by $338.30 per unit.
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