(a) Interpretation: The bond that breaks in the thermal cracking of 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 -tetramethylbutane is to be stated. Concept introduction: Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbons chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking.

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Answer 1

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 5, Problem 5.39AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The bond that breaks in the thermal cracking of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbons chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Among the compounds, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane and ethane the one that undergoes thermal cracking more rapidly at a given temperature is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbons chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The values of ΔH° for the initial carbon-carbon bond breaking for the thermal cracking of both 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane and ethane are to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbon chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking. The minimum amount of energy needed to dissociate a bond is known as the bond dissociation energy (BDE). The term bond dissociation energy is only used for diatomic species.

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Identify and provide an explanation of the operational principles behind a Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). List the steps involved.

Instructions: Complete the questions in the space provided. Show all your work 1. You are trying to determine the rate law expression for a reaction that you are completing at 25°C. You measure the initial reaction rate and the starting concentrations of the reactions for 4 trials. BrO³¯ (aq) + 5Br¯ (aq) + 6H* (aq) → 3Br₂ (l) + 3H2O (l) Initial rate Trial [BrO3] [H*] [Br] (mol/L) (mol/L) | (mol/L) (mol/L.s) 1 0.10 0.10 0.10 8.0 2 0.20 0.10 0.10 16 3 0.10 0.20 0.10 16 4 0.10 0.10 0.20 32 a. Based on the above data what is the rate law expression? b. Solve for the value of k (make sure to include proper units) 2. The proposed reaction mechanism is as follows: i. ii. BrО¸¯ (aq) + H+ (aq) → HBrO3 (aq) HBrO³ (aq) + H* (aq) → H₂BrO3* (aq) iii. H₂BrO³* (aq) + Br¯ (aq) → Br₂O₂ (aq) + H2O (l) [Fast] [Medium] [Slow] iv. Br₂O₂ (aq) + 4H*(aq) + 4Br‍(aq) → 3Br₂ (l) + H2O (l) [Fast] Evaluate the validity of this proposed reaction. Justify your answer.

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Answer 2

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 5, Problem 5.39AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The bond that breaks in the thermal cracking of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbons chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Among the compounds, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane and ethane the one that undergoes thermal cracking more rapidly at a given temperature is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbons chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The values of ΔH° for the initial carbon-carbon bond breaking for the thermal cracking of both 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane and ethane are to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbon chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking. The minimum amount of energy needed to dissociate a bond is known as the bond dissociation energy (BDE). The term bond dissociation energy is only used for diatomic species.

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Answer 3

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 5, Problem 5.39AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The bond that breaks in the thermal cracking of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbons chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Among the compounds, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane and ethane the one that undergoes thermal cracking more rapidly at a given temperature is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbons chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The values of ΔH° for the initial carbon-carbon bond breaking for the thermal cracking of both 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane and ethane are to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbon chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking. The minimum amount of energy needed to dissociate a bond is known as the bond dissociation energy (BDE). The term bond dissociation energy is only used for diatomic species.

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Answer 4

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 5, Problem 5.39AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The bond that breaks in the thermal cracking of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbons chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Among the compounds, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane and ethane the one that undergoes thermal cracking more rapidly at a given temperature is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbons chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The values of ΔH° for the initial carbon-carbon bond breaking for the thermal cracking of both 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane and ethane are to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbon chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking. The minimum amount of energy needed to dissociate a bond is known as the bond dissociation energy (BDE). The term bond dissociation energy is only used for diatomic species.

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Answer 5

Chapter 5, Problem 5.39AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The bond that breaks in the thermal cracking of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbons chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Among the compounds, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane and ethane the one that undergoes thermal cracking more rapidly at a given temperature is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbons chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The values of ΔH° for the initial carbon-carbon bond breaking for the thermal cracking of both 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane and ethane are to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbon chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking. The minimum amount of energy needed to dissociate a bond is known as the bond dissociation energy (BDE). The term bond dissociation energy is only used for diatomic species.

Answer 6

Chapter 5, Problem 5.39AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The bond that breaks in the thermal cracking of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbons chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking.

Answer 7

Chapter 5, Problem 5.39AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The bond that breaks in the thermal cracking of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbons chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Among the compounds, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane and ethane the one that undergoes thermal cracking more rapidly at a given temperature is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbons chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Among the compounds, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane and ethane the one that undergoes thermal cracking more rapidly at a given temperature is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbons chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The values of ΔH° for the initial carbon-carbon bond breaking for the thermal cracking of both 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane and ethane are to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbon chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking. The minimum amount of energy needed to dissociate a bond is known as the bond dissociation energy (BDE). The term bond dissociation energy is only used for diatomic species.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The values of ΔH° for the initial carbon-carbon bond breaking for the thermal cracking of both 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane and ethane are to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Thermal cracking is a process through which simple and shorter hydrocarbon chains are produced from longer and bulky hydrocarbon chains. The active species such as free radical governs the thermal cracking process. The gasoline is obtained from gas oil by the process of thermal cracking. The minimum amount of energy needed to dissociate a bond is known as the bond dissociation energy (BDE). The term bond dissociation energy is only used for diatomic species.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.1P Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.2P Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.3P Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.4P Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.5P Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.6P Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.7P Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.8P Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.9P Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that the bond that breaks in the thermal cracking of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane favors the formation of most stable tertiary free radicals.

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