Chemistry in Context
Chemistry in Context
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780073522975
Author: American Chemical Society
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 4.4, Problem 4.12CT

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Reason for the use of hydraulic method rather than dynamite for fracking have to be explained.  Also the meaning of the term hydraulic has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Hydraulic fracturing is a technique used to extract natural gas and petroleum buried deep under the rock. In this method a ‘fracking fluid’ that contain mainly water sand and other chemicals, is injected at high pressure through the rocks.  It will create fracture in rock and the substance used in the fracking fluid helps keeping the fracture open.  Through the crack natural gas and petroleum comes out.

Dynamite is a highly explosive material made of nitroglycerin.  Dynamite is used in mining, construction processes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The amount of water injected to the well has to be noted and also the ingredients in the cocktail of that water have to be mentioned.

Concept Introduction:

Hydraulic fracturing is a technique used to extract natural gas and petroleum buried deep under the rock. In this method a ‘fracking fluid’ that contain mainly water sand and other chemicals, is injected at high pressure through the rocks.  It will create fracture in rock and the substance used in the fracking fluid helps keeping the fracture open.  Through the crack natural gas and petroleum comes out.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Methods to handle the waste water have to be mentioned.

Concept Introduction:

Hydraulic fracturing is a technique used to extract natural gas and petroleum buried deep under the rock. In this method a ‘fracking fluid’ that contain mainly water sand and other chemicals, is injected at high pressure through the rocks.  It will create fracture in rock and the substance used in the fracking fluid helps keeping the fracture open.  Through the crack natural gas and petroleum comes out.

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Chapter 4 Solutions

Chemistry in Context

Ch. 4.6 - Prob. 4.17YTCh. 4.7 - Beginning in the 1920s, the octane-booster...Ch. 4.9 - Prob. 4.21CTCh. 4.10 - Prob. 4.22CTCh. 4.11 - Have you ever been served cherries Jubilee or...Ch. 4.11 - Prob. 4.26CTCh. 4 - Prob. 4.1CTCh. 4 - Prob. 1QCh. 4 - Prob. 2QCh. 4 - Prob. 3QCh. 4 - Energy exists in different forms in our natural...Ch. 4 - A coal-burning power plant generates electrical...Ch. 4 - Prob. 6QCh. 4 - Prob. 7QCh. 4 - Prob. 8QCh. 4 - Mercury (Hg) is present in trace amounts in coal,...Ch. 4 - Prob. 10QCh. 4 - Here are the condensed structural formulas for two...Ch. 4 - Prob. 12QCh. 4 - Prob. 13QCh. 4 - Prob. 14QCh. 4 - During petroleum distillation, kerosene and...Ch. 4 - Prob. 16QCh. 4 - a. Write the balanced chemical equation for the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 18QCh. 4 - Prob. 19QCh. 4 - State whether these processes are endothermic or...Ch. 4 - Use the bond energies in Table 5.1 to calculate...Ch. 4 - Use the bond energies in Table 5.1 to calculate...Ch. 4 - Ethanol can be produced by fermentation. Another...Ch. 4 - Here are structural formulas for ethane, ethene...Ch. 4 - These three compounds all have the same chemical...Ch. 4 - Catalysts speed up cracking reactions in oil...Ch. 4 - Explain why cracking is a necessary part of the...Ch. 4 - Consider this equation representing the process of...Ch. 4 - Prob. 29QCh. 4 - Consider these three alcohols: methanol, ethanol,...Ch. 4 - Prob. 31QCh. 4 - Prob. 32QCh. 4 - Prob. 33QCh. 4 - Compare and contrast a molecule of biodiesel with...Ch. 4 - Use Figure 5.6 to compare the energy released for...Ch. 4 - Prob. 36QCh. 4 - The sustainability of burning coal (and other...Ch. 4 - In this chapter, we approximated the chemical...Ch. 4 - Prob. 39QCh. 4 - Compare the processes of combustion and...Ch. 4 - How might you explain the difference between...Ch. 4 - Write a response to this statement: Because of the...Ch. 4 - The concept of entropy and probability is used in...Ch. 4 - Bond energies such as those in Table 5.1 are...Ch. 4 - Use the bond energies in Table 5.1 to explain why...Ch. 4 - Prob. 46QCh. 4 - Prob. 47QCh. 4 - Prob. 48QCh. 4 - Prob. 49QCh. 4 - Prob. 50QCh. 4 - Prob. 51QCh. 4 - Prob. 52QCh. 4 - Prob. 53QCh. 4 - Use a diagram to show the relationship among these...Ch. 4 - On a timescale of a few years, the combustion of...Ch. 4 - Prob. 56QCh. 4 - Emissions of some pollutants are lower when...Ch. 4 - Although coal contains only trace amounts of...Ch. 4 - Prob. 59QCh. 4 - An article in Scientific American pointed out that...Ch. 4 - C. P. Snow, a noted scientist and author, wrote an...Ch. 4 - Chemical explosions are very exothermic reactions....Ch. 4 - Prob. 64QCh. 4 - Tetraethyllead (TEL) was first approved for use in...Ch. 4 - Tetraethyllead (TEL) has an octane rating of 270....Ch. 4 - Another type of catalyst used in the combustion of...Ch. 4 - Figure 5.8 shows energy differences for the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 69Q
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