Statistics: The Art and Science of Learning from Data (4th Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780321997838
Author: Alan Agresti, Christine A. Franklin, Bernhard Klingenberg
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Textbook Question
Chapter 4, Problem 80CP
Twins and breast cancer Excessive cumulative exposure to ovarian hormones is believed to cause breast cancer. A study (New England J. Medic. 2003; 348: 2313–2322) used information from 1811 pairs of female twins, one or both of whom had breast cancer. Paired twins were compared with respect to age at puberty, when breast cancer was first diagnosed, and other factors. Their survey did not show an association between hereditary breast cancer and hormone exposure.
- a. What type of observational study was used by the researchers?
- b. Why do you think the researchers used this design instead of a randomized experiment?
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
One study of cell phones and the risk of brain cancer looked at a group of 469 people who have brain cancer. The investigators then asked about the use of cell phones. Result: “Our data suggest that the use of hand- held cellular phones is not associated with risk of brain cancer.
B . Based on this study, can you determine that cellular use does not CAUSE brain cancer? Why or why not?
Vasectomies and Prostate Cancer. In the United States, approximately 450,000 vasectomies are performed each year. In this surgical procedure for contraception, the tube carrying sperm from the testicles is cut and tied. Several studies have been conducted to analyze the relationship between vasectomies and prostate cancer. The results of one such study by E. Giovannucci et al. appeared in the paper “A Retrospective Cohort Study of Vasectomy and Prostate Cancer in U.S. Men” (Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 269(7), pp. 878–882). Of 21,300 men who had not had a vasectomy, 69 were found to have prostate cancer; of 22,000 men who had had a vasectomy, 113 were found to have prostate cancer.
a. At the 1% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that men who have had a vasectomy are at greater risk of having prostate cancer? Consider men who had had a vasectomy Population 2.
b. Is this study a designed experiment or an observational study?…
The article “Developing a Tool to Measure the Factors Influencing Nurses' Enjoyment of Nursing” (L. Wilkes, M. Doull, et al., Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2016:1854–1860) reports that in a sample of 124 nurses, 54 said that a busy workload had a positive effect on their enjoyment of their job. Can you conclude that less than 45% of nurses feel that a busy workload has a positive effect on their enjoyment of their job?
Chapter 4 Solutions
Statistics: The Art and Science of Learning from Data (4th Edition)
Ch. 4.1 - Cell phones Consider the cell phone Study 3...Ch. 4.1 - High blood pressure and binge drinking Many...Ch. 4.1 - Low-fat versus low-carb diet? One hundred...Ch. 4.1 - Experiments versus observational studies When...Ch. 4.1 - School testing for drugs Example 3 discussed a...Ch. 4.1 - Hormone therapy and heart disease Since 1976 the...Ch. 4.1 - Speaking foreign languages A 2014 study...Ch. 4.1 - Breast-cancer screening A study published in 2010...Ch. 4.1 - Experiment or observe? Explain whether an...Ch. 4.1 - Baseball under a full moon During a baseball game...
Ch. 4.1 - Seat belt anecdote Andy once heard about a car...Ch. 4.1 - Poker as a profession? Tonys mother is extremely...Ch. 4.1 - Whats more to blame for obesity? In a study...Ch. 4.1 - Census every 10 years? A nationwide census is...Ch. 4.2 - Choosing officers A campus club consists of five...Ch. 4.2 - Simple random sample of students In Example 4, a...Ch. 4.2 - Auditing accountsapp Use an app or computer...Ch. 4.2 - Sampling from a directory A local telephone...Ch. 4.2 - Bias due to perceived race A political scientist...Ch. 4.2 - Confederates Some southern states in the United...Ch. 4.2 - Instructor ratings The website...Ch. 4.2 - Job trends The 20132014 Recruiting Trends report,...Ch. 4.2 - Gun control More than 75% of Americans answer yes...Ch. 4.2 - Violent video games and family closeness A recent...Ch. 4.2 - Fracking The journal Energy Policy (2014, 65:...Ch. 4.2 - Teens buying alcohol over Internet In August 2006,...Ch. 4.2 - Cheating spouses and bias In a survey conducted by...Ch. 4.2 - Online dating A story titled Personals, Sex Sites...Ch. 4.2 - Identify the bias A newspaper designs a survey to...Ch. 4.2 - Types of bias Give an example of a survey that...Ch. 4.3 - Smoking affects lung cancer? You would like to...Ch. 4.3 - Never leave home without duct tape There have been...Ch. 4.3 - More duct tape In a follow-up study, 103 patients...Ch. 4.3 - Vitamin B A New York Times article (March 13,...Ch. 4.3 - Facebook study During the one-week period of...Ch. 4.3 - Science faculty selection of grad students In an...Ch. 4.3 - Pain reduction medication Consider an experiment...Ch. 4.3 - Pain reduction medication, continued Consider the...Ch. 4.3 - Pain reduction medication, yet again Revisit the...Ch. 4.3 - Colds and vitamin C For some time there has been...Ch. 4.3 - Reducing high blood pressure A pharmaceutical...Ch. 4.4 - Student loan debt A researcher wants to compare...Ch. 4.4 - Club officers again In Exercise 4.15, two officers...Ch. 4.4 - Security awareness training Of 400 employees at a...Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 45PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 46PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 47PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 48PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 49PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 50PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 51PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 52PBCh. 4.4 - Effect of partner smoking in smoking cessation...Ch. 4 - Cell phones If you want to conduct a study with...Ch. 4 - Observational versus experimental study Without...Ch. 4 - Unethical experimentation Give an example of a...Ch. 4 - Spinal fluid proteins and Alzheimers A research...Ch. 4 - Fear of asbestos Your friend reads about a study...Ch. 4 - NCAA mens basketball poll The last four teams of...Ch. 4 - Sampling your fellow students You are assigned to...Ch. 4 - Prob. 61CPCh. 4 - Comparing female and male students You plan to...Ch. 4 - Football discipline A large southern university...Ch. 4 - Prob. 64CPCh. 4 - Voluntary sports polls In 2014, the Pittsburgh...Ch. 4 - Video games mindless? Playing video games not so...Ch. 4 - Physicians health study Read about the first...Ch. 4 - Aspirin prevents heart attacks? During the 1980s...Ch. 4 - Prob. 69CPCh. 4 - Prob. 70CPCh. 4 - Prob. 71CPCh. 4 - Bupropion and nicotine patch study results The...Ch. 4 - Prefer Coke or Pepsi? You want to conduct an...Ch. 4 - Prob. 74CPCh. 4 - Samples not equally likely in a cluster sample? In...Ch. 4 - Nursing homes You plan to sample residents of...Ch. 4 - Multistage health survey A researcher wants to...Ch. 4 - Hazing Hazing within college fraternities is a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 79CPCh. 4 - Twins and breast cancer Excessive cumulative...Ch. 4 - Judging sampling design In each of the following...Ch. 4 - Prob. 87CPCh. 4 - Age for legal alcohol You want to investigate the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 89CPCh. 4 - Prob. 90CPCh. 4 - Issues in clinical trials A randomized clinical...Ch. 4 - Prob. 92CPCh. 4 - Prob. 93CPCh. 4 - Prob. 94CPCh. 4 - Prob. 95CPCh. 4 - Prob. 96CPCh. 4 - For Exercises 4.974.103, select the best response....Ch. 4 - Prob. 98CPCh. 4 - For Exercises 4.974.103, select the best response....Ch. 4 - For Exercises 4.974.103, select the best response....Ch. 4 - Prob. 101CPCh. 4 - For Exercises 4.974.103, select the best response....Ch. 4 - Prob. 103CPCh. 4 - Systematic sampling A researcher wants to select...Ch. 4 - Prob. 106CPCh. 4 - Prob. 107CP
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, statistics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- What is an experiment?arrow_forwardWhirling disease is a deadly disease that affects trout in Montana riversIn a follow-up to a 2006 study conducted by the Montana Department of FishWildlife and Parks (FWP)researchers sought to determine if the proportion of trout afflicted by whirling disease in the Gallatin river differs between rainbow trout and brown trout. To test this theory, researchers collected a representative sample of 527 rainbow trout and 459 brown trout. Of the 527 rainbow trout collected, 120 had developed whirling disease; of the 459 brown trout collected, 74 had developed whirling disease Calculate the relative risk of whirling disease for rainbow trout compared to brown trout in this sample.arrow_forwardA study was made of 1,057 cases of poisoning in children treated as inpatients at Milwaukee Children's Hospital from 1962 through 1968. Data on date of occurrence, age and sex of the child, and type of agent involved were recorded and analyzed by standard statistical methods. Poisoning was due to ingestion of aspirin in 35 per cent of the children studied and to the ingestion of hydrocarbon distillates in 18 per cent. A statistically significant male dominance was found for ingestion of hydrocarbons; age-specific peaks were found for some categories. Trends as to the relative and absolute frequencies of each specific poison from one year to the next were noted; possible reasons for increasing or decreasing trends are discussed. Is this study descriptive or inferential? Explain your answer. What are the variables used in the study? In your opinion, what level of measurement was used to obtain the data from the variables? Does the article define the population? If so, how is it…arrow_forward
- Speed, size and strength are thought to be important factors in football performance. The paper “Physical and Performance Characteristics of NCAA Division I Football Players” (Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (1990): 395-401) reported on physical characteristics of Division I starting football players in the 1988 football season. Information for teams ranked in the top 30 was easily obtained, and it was reported that the mean weight of starters on top-30 teams was 110 kg. A sample of 23 starting players (various positions were represented) from Division I teams that were not ranked in the top 20 resulted in a sample mean of 103.3 kg and a sample standard deviation of 16.3 kg. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean weight for non-top-20 starters is less than the known value for top-20 teams? Conduct hypothesis test using α=.01arrow_forwardHepatitis B and Pancreatic Cancer. The article “Study Links Hepatitis B and Cancer of Pancreas” by D. Grady, appeared in the September 29, 2008 issue of the NewYork Times. It reported that, for the first time, a study showed that people with pancreatic cancer are more likely than those without the disease to have been infected with the hepatitis B virus. The study by M. Hassan et al., titled “Association Between Hepatitis B Virus and Pancreatic Cancer” (Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 26, No. 28, pp. 4557–4562) compared 476 people who had pancreatic cancer with 879 healthy control subjects. All were tested to see whether they had ever been infected with the viruses that cause hepatitis B or hepatitis C. The results were that no connection was found to hepatitis C, but the cancer patients were twice as likely as the healthy subjects to have had hepatitis B. The researchers noted, however, that “. . . while the study showed an association, it did not prove cause and effect. More work…arrow_forward) Name one other limitation in this study (do not repeat any of the limitations you may have named above in your previous answers) and suggest how you would improve it.arrow_forward
- 3. A study was recently reported concerning the frequency of adverse events during inpatient hospital admissions (Bates, et al, New England Journal of Medicine 2023; 388: 142-153). A random sample of 2809 patients admitted to 11 Massachusetts hospitals were assessed. Nine nurses performed a review of the admissions to identify possible adverse events. An adverse event was defined as an “unintended physical injury resulting from or contributed to by medical care that requires additional monitoring, treatment, or hospitalization, or that results in death”. At least one adverse event was identified among 663 of the 2809 admissions. a. Suppose another hospital (not in the study) wants to compare its adverse event experience with the experience reported in the paper. In a preliminary study, it finds based on chart review among the 1st 10 inpatients, that 3 patients experienced 1 adverse event. What is the probability of observing at least 3 patients out of 10 with 1 adverse event, if the…arrow_forwardIn their study of the effectiveness of cardiac catheterization, McClellan,McNeil, and Newhouse (1994) used as an instrument the difference indistance to cardiac catheterization and regular hospitals. How could youdetermine whether this instrument is relevant? How could you determinewhether this instrument is exogenous?arrow_forwardThe article “Factors Associated with Exercise Behavior in People with Parkinson Disease” (T. Ellis, J. Cavanaugh, et al., Physical Therapy, 2011:1838–1848) reported a survey of patients with Parkinson's disease. Of 164 patients who said they exercised regularly, 76 reported falling in the previous six months. Of 96 patients who said they did not exercise regularly, 48 reported falling in the previous six months. Can you conclude that the proportion of patients who fall is less for those who exercise than for those who do not?arrow_forward
- The article "Vehicle-Arrival Characteristics at Urban Uncontrolled Intersections" (V. Rengaraju and V. Rao, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 1995: 317-323) presents data on traffic characteristics at 10 intersections in Madras, India. One characteristic measured was the speeds of the vehicles traveling through the intersections. The accompanying table gives the 15th, 50th, and 85th percentiles of speed (in km/h) for two intersections. Percentile Intersection 15th 50th 85th 27.5 37.5 40.0 в 24.5 26.5 36.0 If a histogram for speeds of vehicles through intersection A were drawn, would it most likely be skewed to the left, skewed to the right, or approximately symmetric? Explain. b. If a histogram for speeds of vehicles through intersection B were drawn, would it most likely be skewed to the left, skewed to the right, or approximately symmetric? Explain. a.arrow_forwardSleep apnea is a disorder in which there are pauses in breathing during sleep. People with this condition must wake up frequently to breathe. The article “Postoperative Complications in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Undergoing Hip or Knee Replacement: A Case-Control Study” (R. Gupta, J. Parvizi, et al., Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2001:897–905) reported that in a sample of 427 people 65 and over, 104 of them had sleep apnea. a) Find a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of those 65 and over who have sleep apnea. b) Find a 99% confidence interval for the proportion of those 65 and over who have sleep apnea. c) Find the sample size needed for a 95% confidence interval to specify the proportion to within ±0.03. d) Find the sample size needed for a 99% confidence interval to specify the proportion to within ±0.03.arrow_forward6. Binge-watching a television show might not be the best way to enjoy a television series (Horvath et al., 2017). Participants in an experiment were in a group that either watched an entire tv series during daily one-hour sessions or watched all the episodes during a single binge session. Participants were asked to rate their enjoyment of the t.v. series on a scale of 0-100. Data like those observed by the author are listed below: Binge-watched 87 Daily-watched 84 71 100 73 87 86 97 78 92 a. Is there a difference in the level of enjoyment based on whether the series was binge-watched or watched on a daily basis? Use a two-tailed test at the a = 0.05 level of significance? b. Do the data analysis in SPSS in addition to your hand calculations. Attach a printout of your results.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...AlgebraISBN:9780547587776Author:HOLT MCDOUGALPublisher:HOLT MCDOUGALBig Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...AlgebraISBN:9781680331141Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURTPublisher:Houghton Mifflin HarcourtGlencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw Hill
- College Algebra (MindTap Course List)AlgebraISBN:9781305652231Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff HughesPublisher:Cengage Learning
Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...
Algebra
ISBN:9780547587776
Author:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Publisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Big Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...
Algebra
ISBN:9781680331141
Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT
Publisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...
Algebra
ISBN:9780079039897
Author:Carter
Publisher:McGraw Hill
College Algebra (MindTap Course List)
Algebra
ISBN:9781305652231
Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff Hughes
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Statistics 4.1 Point Estimators; Author: Dr. Jack L. Jackson II;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MrI0J8XCEE;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Statistics 101: Point Estimators; Author: Brandon Foltz;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v41z3HwLaM;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Central limit theorem; Author: 365 Data Science;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5xQmk9veZ4;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Point Estimate Definition & Example; Author: Prof. Essa;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTVwtvQmSn0;License: Standard Youtube License
Point Estimation; Author: Vamsidhar Ambatipudi;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flqhlM2bZWc;License: Standard Youtube License