Statistics: The Art and Science of Learning from Data (4th Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780321997838
Author: Alan Agresti, Christine A. Franklin, Bernhard Klingenberg
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 4.3, Problem 35PB
Facebook study During the one-week period of January 11–18, 2012, Facebook conducted an experiment to research whether emotional states can be transferred to others via emotional contagion. Facebook users were randomly selected to be part of two parallel studies in which Facebook manipulated the exposure to emotional expressions in the user’s news feed. Two parallel experiments were conducted. In one study, it reduced the positive emotional content; in the other study, the negative emotional content was reduced. For each study, there was a control group (the users’ news feed was not manipulated), and an experimental group (the users’ news feed was manipulated—either positively or negatively). Two variables were measured in each study after the manipulation by Facebook: the percentage of all words produced by a person that was positive and the percentage of all words produced by a person that was negative. There were 689,003 Facebook users in the study. (Source: PNAS, June 17, 2014, vol. 111, no. 24, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1320040111)
- a. Explain why this study is an experiment.
- b. Identity the experimental units.
- c. For the study in which exposure to friends’ positive emotional content was reduced, identity the explanatory variable and the two response variables.
- d. The Facebook users randomly selected for the study were unaware they were part of this experiment. Provide a reason Facebook elected not to inform the selected users that they were part of an experiment. Provide a reason the users selected for the study may have felt not informing them about the study was unethical.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
A statistics student at Pleasantville High School (PHS) looked at seat belt use by drivers. Customers
were observed driving into a local convenience store. After the drivers left their cars, the student
asked each driver several questions about seat belt use. In all, 80% of the drivers said that they
always use seat belts. However, the student observed that only 61.5% of these same drivers were
actually wearing a seat belt when they pulled into the store parking lot. Which of the following best
explains the difference in the two percentages?
(A) The difference is due to sampling variability. We shouldn't expect the results of a sample to
match the truth about the population every time.
(B) The difference is due to response bias. Drivers who don't use seat belts are likely to lie and say
they do use seat belts.
(C) The difference is due to undercoverage bias. The study included only customers of the
convenience store and did not include all drivers in the population.
(D) The difference…
A researcher conducts a between subjects study examining how the brain chemical serotonin is related to aggression. One sample of rats serves as a control group and receives a placebo that does not affect normal levels of serotonin. A second sample of rats receives 100 mg of a drug that lowers brain levels of serotonin. A third sample of rats receives 250 mg of a drug that lowers brain levels of serotonin. Then, the researcher tests the animals by recording the number of aggressive responses each of the rats display. You want to see if the treatment had a significant impact on aggression levels. What statistical procedure would you use to analyze this data and why?
Z Score Comparing X to a Sample
One Way Repeated Measures ANOVA
Z Score Comparing a Sample to a Population
Two Way Independent Measures ANOVA
Single Sample t
Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Independent Measures t
Chi Square Goodness of Fit
Repeated Measures t
One Way Independent Measures…
A researcher conducts an independent-measures study examining how the brain chemical serotonin is related to aggression. One sample of rats serves as a control group and receives a placebo that does not affect normal levels of serotonin. A second sample of rats receives a drug that lowers brain levels of serotonin. Then the researcher tests the animals by recording the number of aggressive responses each of the rats display. The data are as follows.
Control Low Serotonin
n = 10 n = 15
M = 14 M = 19
SS = 180.5 SS = 130.0
A. Does the drug have a significant effect on aggression?Use an alpha level of .05, two
tails.
H0 = ________________________________________
df = _________________________________________
tcritical =…
Chapter 4 Solutions
Statistics: The Art and Science of Learning from Data (4th Edition)
Ch. 4.1 - Cell phones Consider the cell phone Study 3...Ch. 4.1 - High blood pressure and binge drinking Many...Ch. 4.1 - Low-fat versus low-carb diet? One hundred...Ch. 4.1 - Experiments versus observational studies When...Ch. 4.1 - School testing for drugs Example 3 discussed a...Ch. 4.1 - Hormone therapy and heart disease Since 1976 the...Ch. 4.1 - Speaking foreign languages A 2014 study...Ch. 4.1 - Breast-cancer screening A study published in 2010...Ch. 4.1 - Experiment or observe? Explain whether an...Ch. 4.1 - Baseball under a full moon During a baseball game...
Ch. 4.1 - Seat belt anecdote Andy once heard about a car...Ch. 4.1 - Poker as a profession? Tonys mother is extremely...Ch. 4.1 - Whats more to blame for obesity? In a study...Ch. 4.1 - Census every 10 years? A nationwide census is...Ch. 4.2 - Choosing officers A campus club consists of five...Ch. 4.2 - Simple random sample of students In Example 4, a...Ch. 4.2 - Auditing accountsapp Use an app or computer...Ch. 4.2 - Sampling from a directory A local telephone...Ch. 4.2 - Bias due to perceived race A political scientist...Ch. 4.2 - Confederates Some southern states in the United...Ch. 4.2 - Instructor ratings The website...Ch. 4.2 - Job trends The 20132014 Recruiting Trends report,...Ch. 4.2 - Gun control More than 75% of Americans answer yes...Ch. 4.2 - Violent video games and family closeness A recent...Ch. 4.2 - Fracking The journal Energy Policy (2014, 65:...Ch. 4.2 - Teens buying alcohol over Internet In August 2006,...Ch. 4.2 - Cheating spouses and bias In a survey conducted by...Ch. 4.2 - Online dating A story titled Personals, Sex Sites...Ch. 4.2 - Identify the bias A newspaper designs a survey to...Ch. 4.2 - Types of bias Give an example of a survey that...Ch. 4.3 - Smoking affects lung cancer? You would like to...Ch. 4.3 - Never leave home without duct tape There have been...Ch. 4.3 - More duct tape In a follow-up study, 103 patients...Ch. 4.3 - Vitamin B A New York Times article (March 13,...Ch. 4.3 - Facebook study During the one-week period of...Ch. 4.3 - Science faculty selection of grad students In an...Ch. 4.3 - Pain reduction medication Consider an experiment...Ch. 4.3 - Pain reduction medication, continued Consider the...Ch. 4.3 - Pain reduction medication, yet again Revisit the...Ch. 4.3 - Colds and vitamin C For some time there has been...Ch. 4.3 - Reducing high blood pressure A pharmaceutical...Ch. 4.4 - Student loan debt A researcher wants to compare...Ch. 4.4 - Club officers again In Exercise 4.15, two officers...Ch. 4.4 - Security awareness training Of 400 employees at a...Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 45PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 46PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 47PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 48PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 49PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 50PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 51PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 52PBCh. 4.4 - Effect of partner smoking in smoking cessation...Ch. 4 - Cell phones If you want to conduct a study with...Ch. 4 - Observational versus experimental study Without...Ch. 4 - Unethical experimentation Give an example of a...Ch. 4 - Spinal fluid proteins and Alzheimers A research...Ch. 4 - Fear of asbestos Your friend reads about a study...Ch. 4 - NCAA mens basketball poll The last four teams of...Ch. 4 - Sampling your fellow students You are assigned to...Ch. 4 - Prob. 61CPCh. 4 - Comparing female and male students You plan to...Ch. 4 - Football discipline A large southern university...Ch. 4 - Prob. 64CPCh. 4 - Voluntary sports polls In 2014, the Pittsburgh...Ch. 4 - Video games mindless? Playing video games not so...Ch. 4 - Physicians health study Read about the first...Ch. 4 - Aspirin prevents heart attacks? During the 1980s...Ch. 4 - Prob. 69CPCh. 4 - Prob. 70CPCh. 4 - Prob. 71CPCh. 4 - Bupropion and nicotine patch study results The...Ch. 4 - Prefer Coke or Pepsi? You want to conduct an...Ch. 4 - Prob. 74CPCh. 4 - Samples not equally likely in a cluster sample? In...Ch. 4 - Nursing homes You plan to sample residents of...Ch. 4 - Multistage health survey A researcher wants to...Ch. 4 - Hazing Hazing within college fraternities is a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 79CPCh. 4 - Twins and breast cancer Excessive cumulative...Ch. 4 - Judging sampling design In each of the following...Ch. 4 - Prob. 87CPCh. 4 - Age for legal alcohol You want to investigate the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 89CPCh. 4 - Prob. 90CPCh. 4 - Issues in clinical trials A randomized clinical...Ch. 4 - Prob. 92CPCh. 4 - Prob. 93CPCh. 4 - Prob. 94CPCh. 4 - Prob. 95CPCh. 4 - Prob. 96CPCh. 4 - For Exercises 4.974.103, select the best response....Ch. 4 - Prob. 98CPCh. 4 - For Exercises 4.974.103, select the best response....Ch. 4 - For Exercises 4.974.103, select the best response....Ch. 4 - Prob. 101CPCh. 4 - For Exercises 4.974.103, select the best response....Ch. 4 - Prob. 103CPCh. 4 - Systematic sampling A researcher wants to select...Ch. 4 - Prob. 106CPCh. 4 - Prob. 107CP
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, statistics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- What is an experiment?arrow_forwardA research article describes a study that investigated the relationship between depression and chocolate consumption. Participants in the study were 931 adults who were not currently taking medication for depression. These participants were screened for depression using a widely used screening test. The participants were then divided into two samples based on their test score. One sample consisted of people who screened positive for depression, and the other sample consisted of people who did not screen positive for depression. Each of the study participants also completed a food frequency survey. The researchers believed that the two samples were representative of the two populations of interest—adults who would screen positive for depression and adults who would not screen positive. The paper reported that the mean number of servings per month of chocolate for the sample of people that screened positive for depression was 8.37, and the sample standard deviation was 14.85. For the…arrow_forwardDr. Jones conducted a study examining the relationship between the amount of sugar in a child’s diet and the activity level of the child. A sample of 30 four-year-old children from a local preschool was used in the study. Sugar consumption was measured by interviewing the parents about each child’s diet. Based on the result of the interview, each child was then placed into one of two groups: high sugar consumption and low sugar consumption. Activity level was measured by observing the children during a regular preschool afternoon. Finally, Dr. Jones compared the activity level for the high-sugar group with the activity level for the low-sugar group. Explain why Dr. Jones’ study is not an example of the experimental research strategy and provide way that it can be tested experimentally.arrow_forward
- A researcher conducts an independent-measures study to examine how the brain chemical serotonin is related to aggression. One sample of rats serves as a control group and receives a placebo that does not affect normal levels of serotonin. A second sample of rats, low serotonin group, receives a drug that lowers brain levels of serotonin. Then, the researcher tests the animals by recording the number of aggressive responses each of the rats display. See the data below. Is there a significant difference between the control group and the low serotonin group regarding the number of aggressive responses? Control Low Serotonin n = 10 n = 15 M = 14 M = 19 SS = 180.5 SS = 130 Perform a hypothesis test using independent-measures t-test. Use a two-tailed…arrow_forwardA researcher conducts an independent-measures study to examine how the brain chemical serotonin is related to aggression. One sample of rats serves as a control group and receives a placebo that does not affect normal levels of serotonin. A second sample of rats, low serotonin group, receives a drug that lowers brain levels of serotonin. Then, the researcher tests the animals by recording the number of aggressive responses each of the rats display. See the data below. Is there a significant difference between the control group and the low serotonin group regarding the number of aggressive responses? Control Low Serotonin n = 10 n = 15 M = 14 M = 19 SS = 180.5 SS = 130 Perform a hypothesis test using independent-measures t-test. Use a two-tailed…arrow_forwardA researcher conducts an independent-measures study to examine how the brain chemical serotonin is related to aggression. One sample of rats serves as a control group and receives a placebo that does not affect normal levels of serotonin. A second sample of rats, low serotonin group, receives a drug that lowers brain levels of serotonin. Then, the researcher tests the animals by recording the number of aggressive responses each of the rats display. See the data below. Is there a significant difference between the control group and the low serotonin group regarding the number of aggressive responses? Control Low Serotonin n = 10 n = 15 M = 14 M = 19 SS = 180.5 SS = 130 Perform a hypothesis test using independent-measures t-test. Use a two-tailed…arrow_forward
- Researchers investigated factors that influenced how much people like each other based on first meeting. They were particularly interested in the effects of eye-to-eye contact and smiling. They collected data from 20 participants. Each participant was asked to wait in a small room while the experimenter went next door, ostensibly to gather the materials needed for the study. While the participant was waiting, a confederate of the experimenter entered the room and sat in a chair facing the participant, and asked "Are you waiting for the experiment?". Immediately after asking the question, the confederate smiled at, and/or looked directly into the eyes of, the participant. This was done in four conditions: for five participants the confederate smiled and looked into the participant's eye, for five participants the confederate smiled but did not look into the participant's eye, for five participants the confederate did not smile but did look into the participant's eyes, and for five…arrow_forwardIn a study researching how donating to charity can affect a person's happiness, 96 participants were given $5 a day for one week. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of two groups. Those assigned to the first group were asked to spend the money on themselves, and those assigned to the second group were asked to donate the money to charity. At the end of the week, all of the participants were asked to rate their overall level of happiness on a scale from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater levels of happiness. Which of the following are the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses to test whether the sample data provide convincing statistical evidence that donating to charity results in greater happiness than spending on oneself, on average? Ho self- "charity = 0 (A) Ha self charity >0 Ho self Mcharity=0 (B) Ha self charity 0 (E) Ha self = Mcharity <0arrow_forwardA group of psychologists recently examined the how odor influences emotion between male and female. Three groups of participants (half male, half female) were first subjected to different types of smell (pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant), and then filled out questionnaire of happiness. The data present the pattern of results obtained in the study, with higher scores indicating a higher level of happiness Odor pleasant neutral unpleasant Male n = 5 n = 5 n = 5 M = 8 M = 7 M = 0 SS = 6 SS = 5 SS = 4 Female n = 5 n = 5 n = 5 M = 7 M =2 M = 0 SS = 6 SS = 4 SS = 6 Note: grand mean =4 A) Conduct a hypotheses testing with α = .05 to evaluate the main effects and interactions (follow the four-step procedure). B) Calculate the effect size (partial η2) for the main effects and the interaction. C) Plot the cell means in a graph, with odor type on the x-axis. D) Based on the pattern of interaction shown in the graph,…arrow_forward
- Coffee and Depression: Researchers conducted a study investigating the relationship between caffeinated coffee consumption and risk of depression in women. They collected data on 50,739 women free of depression symptoms at the start of the study in the year 1996, and these women were followed through 2006. The researchers used questionnaires to collect data on caffeinated coffee consumption, asked each individual about physician-diagnosed depression, and also asked about the use of antidepressants. The table below shows the distribution of incidences of depression by amount of caffeinated coffee consumption. (M. Lucas et al, 2011). Tip: Do NOT include the TOTAL row and column in your table when you copy into your technology application such as Statcrunch or a Calculator. ≤ 1 cup/week 2-6 cups/week 1 cup/day 2-3 cups/day ≥ 4 cups/day Total 373 905 564 95 2607 Clinical Depression: Yes 670 Clinical Depression: No 11545 6244 16329 11726 2288 48132 Total 12215 6617 17234 12290 2383 50739arrow_forwardCoffee and Depression. Researchers conducted a study investigating the relationship between caffeinated coffee consumption and risk of depression in women. They collected data on 50,739 women free of depression symptoms at the start of the study in the year 1996, and these women were followed through 2006. The researchers used questionnaires to collect data on caffeinated coffee consumption, asked each individual about physician- diagnosed depression, and also asked about the use of antidepressants. The table below shows the distribution of incidences of depression by amount of caffeinated coffee consumption. Coffee ≤ 1 2-6 1 2-3 ≥ 4 Consumption cup/week cups/week cup/day cups/day cups/day Total Clinical Yes 670 373 905 564 95 2,607 depression No 11,545 6,244 16,329 11,726 2,288 48,132 Total 12,215 6,617 17,234…arrow_forwardThe authors of a research article were interested in the effect on female viewers of watching movies in which female heroines were portrayed in roles that focus on their sex appeal. They carried out an experiment in which female college students were assigned at random to one of two experimental groups. The 24 women in one group watched 13 minutes of scenes from a certain superhero film series and then responded to a questionnaire designed to measure body esteem. Lower scores on this measure correspond to lower body satisfaction. The 29 women in the other group (the control group) did not watch any video prior to responding to the questionnaire measuring body esteem. For the women who watched the video, the mean body esteem score was 4.44 and the standard deviation was 1.02. For the women in the control group, the mean body esteem score was 5.07 and the standard deviation was 0.96. For purposes of this exercise, you may assume that the distribution of body esteem scores for each of the…arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw Hill
Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...AlgebraISBN:9780547587776Author:HOLT MCDOUGALPublisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Big Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...AlgebraISBN:9781680331141Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURTPublisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...
Algebra
ISBN:9780079039897
Author:Carter
Publisher:McGraw Hill
Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...
Algebra
ISBN:9780547587776
Author:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Publisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Big Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...
Algebra
ISBN:9781680331141
Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT
Publisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Introduction to experimental design and analysis of variance (ANOVA); Author: Dr. Bharatendra Rai;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSFo1MwLoxU;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY