Statistics: The Art and Science of Learning from Data (4th Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780321997838
Author: Alan Agresti, Christine A. Franklin, Bernhard Klingenberg
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Textbook Question
Chapter 4, Problem 68CP
Aspirin prevents heart attacks? During the 1980s approximately 22,000 physicians over the age of 40 agreed to participate in a long-term study called the Physicians’ Health Study. One question investigated was whether aspirin helps lower the rate of heart attacks. The physicians were randomly assigned to take aspirin or take a placebo.
- a. Identify the response variable and the explanatory variable.
- b. Explain why this is an experiment and identify the treatments.
- c. There are other explanatory variables, such as the amount of exercise a physician got, that we would expect to be associated with the response variable. Explain how such a variable is dealt with by the randomized nature of the experiment.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
Which technique for gathering data (observational study or experiment) do you think was used in the following study?
The Colorado Division of Wildlife caught 41 bighorn sheep on Mt. Evans and gave each one an injection to prevent heartworm. A year later, 38 of these sheep did not have heartworm, while the other three did.
A. This is an observational study because a treatment was deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change in the response or variable being measured.
B. This is an experiment because a treatment was deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change in the response or variable being measured.
C. This is an observational study because observations and measurements of individuals are conducted in a way that doesn't change the response or the variable being measured.
Using the same anti-venom study, answer the following questions.
A study was done on children (6 months to 18 years of age) who had (nonlethal) scorpion stings. Researchers wanted to
know the effectiveness of a new anti-venonm. Each child was randomly assigned to receive a shot of the anti-venom or a
placebo shot. Researchers recorded whether or not their condition improved over the next four hours.
a. Identify the population for the study.
b. Identify the sample for the study. (HINT: See #1)
c. Was this an observational study or a controlled experiment? Explain how you know.
d. Assuming the rest of the study was well-designed, use your answers to discuss whether it would be reasonable to
conclude that the new anti-venom is effective at treating nonlethal scorpion stings in children.
For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).
TTTTParagraph
Arial
3 (12pt)
三,三,T.
回i:公
E=E= = T T,
U
HTML CSS
O Mashups
An education researcher is interested in the effect of violent television programs on a child’s aggression. Forty children were recruited and were divided into two groups. Half of the children watched a violent television program while the other half watched a non-violent program. The children were then placed in a small group and the researcher rated the level of aggressiveness of each child. Which statistical test would be best to determine if there is a significant difference between groups?
Chapter 4 Solutions
Statistics: The Art and Science of Learning from Data (4th Edition)
Ch. 4.1 - Cell phones Consider the cell phone Study 3...Ch. 4.1 - High blood pressure and binge drinking Many...Ch. 4.1 - Low-fat versus low-carb diet? One hundred...Ch. 4.1 - Experiments versus observational studies When...Ch. 4.1 - School testing for drugs Example 3 discussed a...Ch. 4.1 - Hormone therapy and heart disease Since 1976 the...Ch. 4.1 - Speaking foreign languages A 2014 study...Ch. 4.1 - Breast-cancer screening A study published in 2010...Ch. 4.1 - Experiment or observe? Explain whether an...Ch. 4.1 - Baseball under a full moon During a baseball game...
Ch. 4.1 - Seat belt anecdote Andy once heard about a car...Ch. 4.1 - Poker as a profession? Tonys mother is extremely...Ch. 4.1 - Whats more to blame for obesity? In a study...Ch. 4.1 - Census every 10 years? A nationwide census is...Ch. 4.2 - Choosing officers A campus club consists of five...Ch. 4.2 - Simple random sample of students In Example 4, a...Ch. 4.2 - Auditing accountsapp Use an app or computer...Ch. 4.2 - Sampling from a directory A local telephone...Ch. 4.2 - Bias due to perceived race A political scientist...Ch. 4.2 - Confederates Some southern states in the United...Ch. 4.2 - Instructor ratings The website...Ch. 4.2 - Job trends The 20132014 Recruiting Trends report,...Ch. 4.2 - Gun control More than 75% of Americans answer yes...Ch. 4.2 - Violent video games and family closeness A recent...Ch. 4.2 - Fracking The journal Energy Policy (2014, 65:...Ch. 4.2 - Teens buying alcohol over Internet In August 2006,...Ch. 4.2 - Cheating spouses and bias In a survey conducted by...Ch. 4.2 - Online dating A story titled Personals, Sex Sites...Ch. 4.2 - Identify the bias A newspaper designs a survey to...Ch. 4.2 - Types of bias Give an example of a survey that...Ch. 4.3 - Smoking affects lung cancer? You would like to...Ch. 4.3 - Never leave home without duct tape There have been...Ch. 4.3 - More duct tape In a follow-up study, 103 patients...Ch. 4.3 - Vitamin B A New York Times article (March 13,...Ch. 4.3 - Facebook study During the one-week period of...Ch. 4.3 - Science faculty selection of grad students In an...Ch. 4.3 - Pain reduction medication Consider an experiment...Ch. 4.3 - Pain reduction medication, continued Consider the...Ch. 4.3 - Pain reduction medication, yet again Revisit the...Ch. 4.3 - Colds and vitamin C For some time there has been...Ch. 4.3 - Reducing high blood pressure A pharmaceutical...Ch. 4.4 - Student loan debt A researcher wants to compare...Ch. 4.4 - Club officers again In Exercise 4.15, two officers...Ch. 4.4 - Security awareness training Of 400 employees at a...Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 45PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 46PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 47PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 48PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 49PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 50PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 51PBCh. 4.4 - Prob. 52PBCh. 4.4 - Effect of partner smoking in smoking cessation...Ch. 4 - Cell phones If you want to conduct a study with...Ch. 4 - Observational versus experimental study Without...Ch. 4 - Unethical experimentation Give an example of a...Ch. 4 - Spinal fluid proteins and Alzheimers A research...Ch. 4 - Fear of asbestos Your friend reads about a study...Ch. 4 - NCAA mens basketball poll The last four teams of...Ch. 4 - Sampling your fellow students You are assigned to...Ch. 4 - Prob. 61CPCh. 4 - Comparing female and male students You plan to...Ch. 4 - Football discipline A large southern university...Ch. 4 - Prob. 64CPCh. 4 - Voluntary sports polls In 2014, the Pittsburgh...Ch. 4 - Video games mindless? Playing video games not so...Ch. 4 - Physicians health study Read about the first...Ch. 4 - Aspirin prevents heart attacks? During the 1980s...Ch. 4 - Prob. 69CPCh. 4 - Prob. 70CPCh. 4 - Prob. 71CPCh. 4 - Bupropion and nicotine patch study results The...Ch. 4 - Prefer Coke or Pepsi? You want to conduct an...Ch. 4 - Prob. 74CPCh. 4 - Samples not equally likely in a cluster sample? In...Ch. 4 - Nursing homes You plan to sample residents of...Ch. 4 - Multistage health survey A researcher wants to...Ch. 4 - Hazing Hazing within college fraternities is a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 79CPCh. 4 - Twins and breast cancer Excessive cumulative...Ch. 4 - Judging sampling design In each of the following...Ch. 4 - Prob. 87CPCh. 4 - Age for legal alcohol You want to investigate the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 89CPCh. 4 - Prob. 90CPCh. 4 - Issues in clinical trials A randomized clinical...Ch. 4 - Prob. 92CPCh. 4 - Prob. 93CPCh. 4 - Prob. 94CPCh. 4 - Prob. 95CPCh. 4 - Prob. 96CPCh. 4 - For Exercises 4.974.103, select the best response....Ch. 4 - Prob. 98CPCh. 4 - For Exercises 4.974.103, select the best response....Ch. 4 - For Exercises 4.974.103, select the best response....Ch. 4 - Prob. 101CPCh. 4 - For Exercises 4.974.103, select the best response....Ch. 4 - Prob. 103CPCh. 4 - Systematic sampling A researcher wants to select...Ch. 4 - Prob. 106CPCh. 4 - Prob. 107CP
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, statistics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Car Window Skin Cancer? A study suggests that exposure to UV rays through the car window may increase the risk of skin cancer. The study reviewed the records of all 1050 skin cancer patients referred to the St. Louis University Cancer Center in 2004. Of the 42 patients with melanoma, the cancer occurred on the left side of the body in 31 patients and on the right side in the other 11. A. Is this an experiment or an observational study? B. Of the patients with melanoma, what proportion had the cancer on the left side? Show what numbers you divide and give answer to 3 decimal places. C. A bootstrap 95% confidence interval for the proportion of melanomas occurring on the left is 0.579 to 0.861. Clearly interpret the confidence interval in the context of the problem. D. Suppose the question of interest is whether melanomas are more likely to occur on the left side than on the right. That is, are over 50% of melanomas on the left side? Ho: p = 0.5 Ha: p > 0.5 Use the confidence interval…arrow_forwardFrom 2003 to 2007, a group of doctors studied the effects of a new attention deficit disorder medication on adults. To compare results, the doctors gave half their patients the new medication and maintained the other half of their patients on their current medication. What is being used in this example? The effect of a treatment unit The placebo effect A control group Sampling error O Voluntary response biasarrow_forwardShould an observational study or an experiment be performed to answer the research question below? Explain your choice. Do students who miss their classes frequently earn lower grades than those who attend a high percentage of their classes?arrow_forward
- Tourism is extremely important to the economy of Florida. Hotel occupancy is an often-reported measure of visitor volume and visitor activity (Orlando Sentinel, May 19, 2018). Hotel occupancy data for February in two consecutive years are as follows. Current Year Previous Year Occupied Rooms 1,584 1,445 Total Rooms 1,800 1,700 a. Formulate the hypothesis test that can be used to determine whether there has been an increase in the proportion of rooms occupied over the one-year period. Let pi population proportion of rooms occupied for current year P2 = population proportion of rooms occupied for previous year Ho : P1 - P2 - Select your answer - Ha : P1 – P2 - Select your answer - b. What is the estimated proportion of hotel rooms occupied each year (to 2 decimals)? Current year Previous Year c. Conduct a hypothesis test. What is the p-value (to 4 decimals)? Use Table 1 from Appendix B. p-value = Using a 0.05 level of significance, what is your conclusion? We -Select your answer - that…arrow_forwardSeattle Grace Medical Center. As part of a long-term study of individuals 65 years of age or older, doctors at the Seattle Grace Medical Center in Washington state investigated the relationship between state of residence and depression. A sample of 60 individuals, all in reasonably good health, was selected; 20 individuals were residents of Texas, 20 were residents of Washington state, and 20 were residents of South Carolina. Each of the individuals sampled was given a standardized test to measure depression. The data collected follow; higher test scores indicate higher levels of depression. These data are contained in the attached data file SeattleGrace1. A second part of the study considered the relationship between state of residence and depression for individuals 65 years of age or older who had a chronic health condition such as diabetes and/or high blood pressure. A sample of 60 individuals with such conditions was identified. Again, 20 were residents of Texas, 20 were residents…arrow_forwardSeattle Grace Medical Center. As part of a long-term study of individuals 65 years of age or older, doctors at the Seattle Grace Medical Center in Washington state investigated the relationship between state of residence and depression. A sample of 60 individuals, all in reasonably good health, was selected; 20 individuals were residents of Texas, 20 were residents of Washington state, and 20 were residents of South Carolina. Each of the individuals sampled was given a standardized test to measure depression. The data collected follow; higher test scores indicate higher levels of depression. These data are contained in the attached data file SeattleGrace1. A second part of the study considered the relationship between state of residence and depression for individuals 65 years of age or older who had a chronic health condition such as diabetes and/or high blood pressure. A sample of 60 individuals with such conditions was identified. Again, 20 were residents of Texas, 20 were residents…arrow_forward
- Seattle Grace Medical Center. As part of a long-term study of individuals 65 years of age or older, doctors at the Seattle Grace Medical Center in Washington state investigated the relationship between state of residence and depression. A sample of 60 individuals, all in reasonably good health, was selected; 20 individuals were residents of Texas, 20 were residents of Washington state, and 20 were residents of South Carolina. Each of the individuals sampled was given a standardized test to measure depression. The data collected follow; higher test scores indicate higher levels of depression. These data are contained in the attached data file SeattleGrace1. A second part of the study considered the relationship between state of residence and depression for individuals 65 years of age or older who had a chronic health condition such as diabetes and/or high blood pressure. A sample of 60 individuals with such conditions was identified. Again, 20 were residents of Texas, 20 were residents…arrow_forwardIs the crime rate in New York different from the crime rate in New Jersey? Independent random samples from region A (cities in New York) and region B (cities in New Jersey) gave the following information about violent crime rate (number of violent crimes per 100,000 population). (Reference: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation.) Region A 436 408 539 489 439 600 402 595 422 434 486 Region B 438 435 428 556 534 470 616 401 478 430 379 415 Use a 10% level of significance to test the claim that there is no difference in the crime rate distributions of the two states. (a) What is the level of significance?State the null and alternate hypotheses. Ho: Distributions are different. H1: Distributions are the same.Ho: Distributions are the same. H1: Distributions are different. Ho: Distributions are the same. H1: Distributions are the same.Ho: Distributions are different. H1: Distributions are different. (b) Compute the sample test statistic. (Use 2 decimal…arrow_forwardA researcher is interested in the impact of joining a weight loss program in the past 12 months on the individuals weight loss. The analysis is restricted to people aged 16 and older who answered yes to the question "During the past 12 months, have you tried to lose weight?" About 5% of the sample had joined a weight loss program in the past year. Below is a subset of some of the other variables included in the survey. Questions were asked about actions taken in the past 12 months. Which ones do you believe should be included as covariates? Provide a justification for your choice. Age BMI Gendere Height Average minutes of exercise per week whether they tried to eat less calories whether they tried to eat less fat whether they tried to eat less carbsarrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw HillHolt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...AlgebraISBN:9780547587776Author:HOLT MCDOUGALPublisher:HOLT MCDOUGALCollege Algebra (MindTap Course List)AlgebraISBN:9781305652231Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff HughesPublisher:Cengage Learning
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...
Algebra
ISBN:9780079039897
Author:Carter
Publisher:McGraw Hill
Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...
Algebra
ISBN:9780547587776
Author:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Publisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL
College Algebra (MindTap Course List)
Algebra
ISBN:9781305652231
Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff Hughes
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Hypothesis Testing - Solving Problems With Proportions; Author: The Organic Chemistry Tutor;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76VruarGn2Q;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals (FRM Part 1 – Book 2 – Chapter 5); Author: Analystprep;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vth3yZIUlGQ;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY