Chapter 4, Problem 4.41SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Among the given substances largely ionic substances has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Ionic compound:

A compound which consist of anions and cations held together by ionic bond (electrical attraction of opposite charges).

Ionic character increases as increasing difference in electronegativity.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Among the given substances non polar covalent substances has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Non polar covalent:

The chemical bond in which two atoms of the molecule share a pair of electrons with each other called polar covalent bond.

Electronegativity:

Electronegativity is described as capable of atom to attract the shared electron towards itself.  If the atom has more electronegativity means sharing of electron will be unequal.  If the difference in electronegativity is large means an electrons will not be shared.  If atoms has same electronegativity means sharing of electron will be equal.

Bond type	Difference in electronegativity
Pure covalent	$\text{< 0}\text{.4}$
Non-polar covalent	$\text{0}\text{.0-0}\text{.4}$
Polar covalent	Between $\text{0}\text{.4 to 1}\text{.8}$
Ionic	$\text{>1}\text{.8}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Among the given substances polar covalent substances has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Polarity is initiated by electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms.

Electronegativity:

Electronegativity is described as capable of atom to attract the shared electron towards itself.  If the atom has more electronegativity means sharing of electron will be unequal.  If the difference in electronegativity is large means an electrons will not be shared.  If atoms has same electronegativity means sharing of electron will be equal.

Bond type	Difference in electronegativity
Pure covalent	$\text{< 0}\text{.4}$
Non-polar covalent	$\text{0}\text{.0-0}\text{.4}$
Polar covalent	Between $\text{0}\text{.4 to 1}\text{.8}$
Ionic	$\text{>1}\text{.8}$