Concept explainers
To find: The risk that someone without hypertension at age 30 will develop a heart attack by age 75.
Concept introduction: The normal blood pressure range is 120/80 mmHg where the top number represents systolic and the bottom one represents diastolic pressure.
High blood pressure or hypertension is the high force exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels. It can lead to many severe complications and increase the risk of stroke, atherosclerosis, heart diseases, and death. There are many risk factors for having hypertension. Age, body weight, sex, food habits, alcoholism, drug addiction and physical inactivity are some of the major causes for the condition.
To find: The comparable risk for someone with and without hypertension at age 30.
Concept introduction: High blood pressure or hypertension is the high force exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels. It can lead to many severe complications and increase the risk of stroke, atherosclerosis, heart diseases, and death. There are many risk factors for having hypertension. Age, body weight, sex, food habits, alcoholism, drug addiction and physical inactivity are some of the major causes for the condition.
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Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
- Risks of Hypertension Eleni Rapsomaniki and her colleagues analyzed medical records of 1.25 million people in the United Kingdom to see how hypertension affects the risk of cardiovascular disorders. They looked at records of people who at 30 years old had no history of heart disease or stroke, although some had high blood pressure. By looking at which of these people later had a heart attack or stroke, the researchers were able to estimate the lifetime risks of these disorders in people with, and without high blood pressure. FIGURE 36.19 shows the researchers estimates of the lifetime risk for heart attack and for transient ischemic attack (TIA), a type of stroke. FIGURE 36.19 Lifetime risks of heart attack and TIA (a type of stroke), with and without hypertension at age 30. A transient ischaemic attack (TIA), sometimes called a mini-stroke, is caused by a temporary blockage of a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain. Which is a person who has hypertension at age 30 more likely to have by age 60, a heart attack or a TIA?arrow_forwardBrink studied the effect of postural change on cardiovascular reactivity for a sample of healthy white and African American men and women. Change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) from supine to standing position was used as the measure of cardiac reactivity in a sample of 842 adults. Supine measurement of blood pressure was taken after participants had lain on an examination table for 15 minutes. Blood pressure was measured five times every 2 minutes using a preset automated blood pressure monitor, and the five measurements were averaged. Participants then stood up, and an additional five measurements were made over another 10-minute period and then averaged. Below is a table describing the characteristics of Brink’s sample. (10 pts) Table 1: Characteristics of the Study Sample (N = 842) Sample Characteristic Frequency (N) Percentage or Mean (SD) Range Gender Female Male 408 434 48.5% 51.5% Age (years) 842…arrow_forward4.4. On the circulatory system, what are the correct statements? PHYSIOLOGY_advanced (OJO) Pacemaker cells of the heart are neurons with a stable resting membrane potential. Pacemaker cells of the sinus node, located at the left atrium, determine the heart beat frequency. Cardiac output is a function of the heart beat frequency and the stroke volume. The Frank-Starling mechanism allows coupling of the venous return with the stroke volume. Within each capillary bed there is a net loss of liquid to the extracellular space; this imbalance depends on the hydrostatic pressure and the colloid osmotic pressure gradients.arrow_forward
- Apart from genetic factors, research has shown that lifestyle behaviors, dietary, environmental factors and occupational exposure contribute to the number of heart disease cases and deaths. Discuss the difference between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and give 3 examples of each.arrow_forwardAccording to this slide, which question below identifies more the picture a. Uncontrolled high blood pressure was more prevalent among male than female hypertensives of all ages b. Among those 65 years and older, uncontrolled high blood pressure was more prevalent among females than males c. Hypertension was more common among women than men in 2015-16 d. Most of the hypertensives had their high blood pressure under controlarrow_forwardA patient with newly diagnosed essential hypertension starts treatment with a commonly used antihypertensive drug at a dose that is considered to be therapeutic for the vast majority of patients. Soon after starting therapy the patient experiences crushing chest discomfort. ECG changes show myocardial ischemia. Studies in the cardiac catheterization lab show episodes of coronary vasospasm, and it is likely the antihypertensive drug provoke the vasospasm. Which antihypertensive drug most likely caused the ischemia and the angina? Atenolol Diltiazem Hydrochlorothiazide Lozartanarrow_forward
- The Effects of Lifestyle, Sex & Genetics on Blood Pressure Many things might affect heart rate, including the physical fitness of the individual, the presence of drugs such as caffeine or nicotine in the blood, and the age of the person. Heart rate and blood pressure work together to ensure that blood reaches cells at a rate that is sufficient to supply nutrients and remove waste products. If one variable decreases the other will increase to maintain this balance. For example, if the body detects a drop in blood pressure, it will help to correct this imbalance by increasing heart rate until the body can adjust blood pressure by other methods. Watch these videos to learn the terminology and science of blood pressure along with how to take a proper blood pressure reading. https://www.ausmed.com/cpd/articles/how-to-take-blood-pressure When a person is well hydrated and healthy the body can make these adjustments without you ever being aware. But, if a person is dehydrated, taking…arrow_forwardwhy cardiac therapy is for the worst?arrow_forwardResearch has shown that lifestyle behaviors, dietary, environmental factors, and occupational exposure contribute to the number of heart disease cases and deaths. It is apart from the genetic factors. Describe the difference between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and give 3 examples of each.arrow_forward
- Nifedipine is an antihypertension medication that is also used to reduce the workload on the heart. The study below compares the effects of two different types of capsules used to administer the drug to patients (GITSred line, and Cotracten Xblue line). Each graph shows changes with time following initial administra- tion of the capsules. Figure A compares the levels of nifedipine in the blood with each capsule type. The ability of the different cap- sules to reduce workload on the heart by altering blood pressure or heart rate is shown in Figures B and C, respectively. Are elevated plasma levels of nifedipine(above 10 ng/mL) required for the drug to perform its actions? Source: M. J. Brown and C. B. Toal. 2008. Formulation of long-acting nifedipine tablets influences the heart rate and sympathetic nervous system response in hypertensive patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 65:646652.arrow_forwardNifedipine is an antihypertension medication that is also used to reduce the workload on the heart. The study below compares the effects of two different types of capsules used to administer the drug to patients (GITSred line, and Cotracten Xblue line). Each graph shows changes with time following initial administra- tion of the capsules. Figure A compares the levels of nifedipine in the blood with each capsule type. The ability of the different cap- sules to reduce workload on the heart by altering blood pressure or heart rate is shown in Figures B and C, respectively. Which type of capsule would you expect to have fewer side effects? Source: M. J. Brown and C. B. Toal. 2008. Formulation of long-acting nifedipine tablets influences the heart rate and sympathetic nervous system response in hypertensive patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 65:646652.arrow_forwardCreate a flow diagram for this cardiovascular system that has these elements in correct order • Vena cava, heart, aorta, left ventricle, right ventricle, right atrium, left atrium, lungs JUN 21 tv speaker notes Q E 4 R E % 5 T MacBook Pro CO 6 Y & 7 U * CO 8 8 ( 9 O 0 I P Iarrow_forward
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