Essential University Physics (3rd Edition)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134202709
Author: Richard Wolfson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 32, Problem 30E
To determine
The minimum angular separation resolvable.
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Find the minimum angular separation resolvable with 633-nm
laser light passing through a circular aperture of diameter 2.1 cm.
X ray diffraction in Potassium Chloride (KCl) results in a first order maximum when 97 pm wavelength X rays graze the crystal plane at 8.5 degrees. Find the spacing between crystal plane?
A telescope can be used to enlarge the diameter of a laser beam and limit diffraction spreading. The laser beam is sent through the telescope in opposite the normal direction and can then be projected onto a satellite or the Moon.
(a) If this is done with the Mount Wilson telescope, producing a 2.54-m-diameter beam of 633-nm light, what is the minimum angular spread of the beam?
(b) Neglecting atmospheric effects, what is the size of the spot this beam would make on the Moon, assuming a lunar distance of 3.84×108 m ?
Chapter 32 Solutions
Essential University Physics (3rd Edition)
Ch. 32.1 - Laser light is split into two beams, one of which...Ch. 32.2 - If you increase the slit separation in a two-slit...Ch. 32.4 - If you photographed the soap film in Fig. 32.14...Ch. 32.5 - A classmate down the hall is playing obnoxiously...Ch. 32.6 - You're a biologist trying to resolve details of...Ch. 32 - A prism bends blue light more than red. Is the...Ch. 32 - Prob. 2FTDCh. 32 - Prob. 3FTDCh. 32 - Why don't you see interference effects between the...Ch. 32 - You can hear around corners, but you cant see...
Ch. 32 - In deriving the intensity in double-slit...Ch. 32 - The primary maxima in multiple-slit interference...Ch. 32 - Prob. 8FTDCh. 32 - Sketch roughly the diffraction pattern you would...Ch. 32 - A double-slit system is used to measure the...Ch. 32 - A double-slit experiment with d = 0.025mm and L =...Ch. 32 - A double-slit experiment has slit spacing 0.12 mm....Ch. 32 - The interference pattern from two slits separated...Ch. 32 - The 546-nm green line of gaseous mercury falls on...Ch. 32 - In a five-slit system, how many minima lie between...Ch. 32 - In a three-slit system, the first minimum occurs...Ch. 32 - A five-slit system with 7.5-m slit spacing is...Ch. 32 - Green light at 520 nm is diffracted by a grating...Ch. 32 - Light is incident normally on a grating with...Ch. 32 - Prob. 20ECh. 32 - Find the minimum thickness of a soap film (n =...Ch. 32 - Light of unknown wavelength shines on a precisely...Ch. 32 - Monochromatic light shines on a glass wedge with...Ch. 32 - White light shines on a 75.0-nm-thick sliver of...Ch. 32 - For the soap film described in Conceptual Example...Ch. 32 - For what ratio of slit width to wavelength will...Ch. 32 - Light with wavelength 633 nm is incident on a...Ch. 32 - Youre inside a metal building that blocks radio...Ch. 32 - Find the intensity as a fraction of the central...Ch. 32 - Prob. 30ECh. 32 - Find the minimum telescope aperture that could...Ch. 32 - Whats the longest wavelength of light you could...Ch. 32 - In bright light, the human eyes pupil diameter is...Ch. 32 - Find the angular position of the second-order...Ch. 32 - A double-slit experiment has slit spacing 0.035nm,...Ch. 32 - For a double-slit system with slit spacing 0.0525...Ch. 32 - A screen 1.0 m wide is 2.0 m from a pair of slits...Ch. 32 - A tube of glowing gas emits light at 550 nm and...Ch. 32 - On the screen of a multiple-slit system, the...Ch. 32 - Youre designing a spectrometer whose...Ch. 32 - For visible light with wavelengths from 400 nm to...Ch. 32 - Find the total number of lines in a 2.5-cm-wide...Ch. 32 - What order is necessary to resolve 647.98-nm and...Ch. 32 - A thin film of toluene (n = 1.49) floats on water....Ch. 32 - NASA asks you to assess the feasibility of a...Ch. 32 - In the second-order spectrum from a diffraction...Ch. 32 - Prob. 47PCh. 32 - As a soap bubble with n = 1.333 evaporates and...Ch. 32 - An oil film with refractive index 1.25 floats on...Ch. 32 - The table below lists the angular positions of the...Ch. 32 - Two perfectly flat glass plates are separated at...Ch. 32 - An air wedge like that of Fig. 32.28 shows N...Ch. 32 - A Michelson interferometer uses light from glowing...Ch. 32 - Find the wavelength of light used in a Michelson...Ch. 32 - One arm of a Michelson interferometer is 42.5 cm...Ch. 32 - Your stereo is in a dead spot caused by direct...Ch. 32 - A proposed star wars antimissile laser is to focus...Ch. 32 - Suppose one of the 10-m-diameter Keck Telescopes...Ch. 32 - A camera has an f/1.4 lens, meaning the ratio of...Ch. 32 - The CIA wants your help identifying individual...Ch. 32 - While driving at night, your eyes irises dilate to...Ch. 32 - Under the best conditions, atmospheric turbulence...Ch. 32 - Prob. 63PCh. 32 - An air wedge like that of Fig. 32.28 displays...Ch. 32 - A thin-walled glass tube of length L containing a...Ch. 32 - Light is incident on a diffraction grating at...Ch. 32 - An arrangement known as Lloyds mirror (Fig. 32.29)...Ch. 32 - The intensity of the single-slit diffraction...Ch. 32 - Youre on an international panel charged with...Ch. 32 - Youre investigating an oil spill for your state...Ch. 32 - If the separation of two telescopes comprising an...Ch. 32 - If the separation of two telescopes comprising an...Ch. 32 - If a point source is located directly above a...Ch. 32 - If a point source is located on a line at 45 to...
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- The structure of the NaCl crystal forms reflecting planes 0.541 nm apart. What is the smallest angle, measured from these planes, at which X-ray diffraction can be observed, if X-rays of wavelength 0.085 nm are used?arrow_forwardOn a certain crystal, a first-order X-ray diffraction maximum is observed at an angle of 27.1° relative to its surface, using an X-ray source of unknown wavelength. Additionally, when illuminated with a different, this time of known wavelength 0.137 nm, a second-order maximum is detected at 37.3°. Determine (a) the spacing between the reflecting planes, and (b) the unknown wavelength.arrow_forwardAn X-ray scattering experiment is performed on a crystal whose atoms form planes separated by 0.440 nm. Using an X-ray source of wavelength 0.548 nm, what is the angle (with respect to the planes in question) at which the experimenter needs to illuminate the crystal in order to observe a first-order maximum?arrow_forward
- As a single crystal is rotated in an x-ray spectrometer (Fig. 3.22a), many parallel planes of atoms besides AA and BB produce strong diffracted beams. Two such planes are shown in Figure P3.38. (a) Determine geometrically the interplanar spacings d1 and d2 in terms of d0. (b) Find the angles (with respect to the surface plane AA) of the n = 1, 2, and 3 intensity maxima from planes with spacing d1. Let = 0.626 and d0 = 4.00 . Note that a given crystal structure (for example, cubic) has interplanar spacings with characteristic ratios, which produce characteristic diffraction patterns. In this way, measurement of the angular position of diffracted x-rays may be used to infer the crystal structure. Figure P3.38 Atomic planes in a cubic lattice.arrow_forwardA laser with 589 nm wavelength and a beam diameter of 2 mm is fed through a beam-expander,then aimed from the G.O. Jones building to the Canary Wharf tower at a distance of 2.75 km.What expansion factor is required for the beam-expander in order that the diffraction-limited spotat Canary Wharf tower has a diameter of 30 cm (defined as the diameter of the first dark ring) ?arrow_forwardX-ray diffraction in potassium chloride (KCI) results in a first- X rays graze the crys- tal plane at 8.5°. Find the spacing between crystal planes. order maximum when 97-pm-wavelengtharrow_forward
- When a diffraction pattern of a crystalline solid is recorded using an X-ray beam of wavelength 0.26 nm, the first order diffraction peak occurs at a scattering angle of 35°. If the error in the measurements of angle and wayelength are 1° and 0.01 nm respectively, then determine the error in measuring the interplanar spacing. (a) 22.86 nm (b) 32.38 nm (c) 15.2 nm (d) 13.2 nmarrow_forwardA telescope can be used to enlarge the diameter of a laser beam and limit diffraction spreading. The laser beam is sent through the telescope in opposite the normal direction and can then be projected onto a satellite or the Moon. If this is done with the Mount Wilson telescope, producing a 2.54 m diameter beam of 613 nm light, what is the minimum angular spread of the beam? Neglecting atmospheric effects, what is the size of the spot this beam would make on the Moon, assuming a lunar distance of 3.84×108 m?arrow_forwardThe diamond has a face-centered cubic crystal lattice, and there are eight atoms in a unit cell. Its density is 3.51 g cm -3 Calculate the first six angles at which reflections would be ob tained using an X-ray beam of wavelength 7.12 pm.arrow_forward
- An astronaut on the International Space Station (ISS) is experimenting with a solid-state green laser communications system from on-orbit at 435 km altitude to the earth’s surface with a wavelength of 532nm and beam divergence (width) of 10-6 radians or 5.73 x 10-15 ° << 1°. The indices of refraction in free space and the atmosphere are no =1.00000 …, and na = 1.000293. Although density in the atmosphere varies continuously from the thinness of the upper atmosphere (near ρ--> 0) to higher density at the surface, refraction can be modeled as a ‘surface’ mid-atmosphere just like classic Snell’s Law calculations. (a) When the ISS is directly above the laser communications receiver on the ground, what is θ2 ? (Draw a diagram) (b) (8) What is θ2 if θ1 is 45°? (c) What is the frequency of this laser transmitted from the ISS in free space, and in the atmosphere? (d) What is the refracted wavelength, and the speed of the laser beam in air? (e) If the communications bit rate is…arrow_forwardAn astronaut on the International Space Station (ISS) is experimenting with a solid-state green laser communications system from on-orbit at 435 km altitude to the earth's surface with a wavelength of 532nm and beam divergence (width) of 10 radians or 5.73 x 10-150 << 1°. The indices of refraction in free space and the atmosphere are no = 1.00000 ..., and na = 1.000293. Although density in the atmosphere varies continuously from the thinness of the upper atmosphere (near p → 0) to higher density at the surface, refraction can be modeled as a “surface' mid-atmosphere just like classic Snell's Law calculations. (d) What is the refracted wavelength, and the speed of the laser beam in air? (e) If the communications bit rate is the inverse of the laser frequency period [s], what is this bit rate?arrow_forwardLight from an argon laser, with ? = 514.5 nm, is normally incident on a diffraction grating, and first-order maximum occurs at ? = 21.2°. Calculate the spacing (in µm) between adjacent grooves in the grating.arrow_forward
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