Chapter 3, Problem 8E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The hybridization state of each non-hydrogen atom in the below structures should be identified.

  

Concept introduction: Two or more of orbitals undergo redistributions of their different energies so as to form mathematically averaged orbitals in terms of energy although they may differ in shape and orientation. This phenomenon is referred as hybridization.

The energy and orientation of the new hybrid orbital depends upon by the kind and number of orbitals used in the hybridization. The new hybrid orbitals are always equal in number to number of atomic orbitals that combine.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of $p$ orbitals contributed by each non-hydrogen atom in the below structures should be identified.

  

Concept introduction: Sequence that determines hybridization state of an atom is as follows:

• A single bond is always associated with sigma bonds. Molecules that have all atoms connected by sigma bond exclusively are stated to be in $s{p}^3$ hybridization.
• A double bond is always associated with $s{p}^2$ hybridization.
• A triple bond is always associated with $s{p}^3$ hybridization.

The table that shows the hybridization is as follows:

  $\begin{array}{ccc}\text{Number of sigma bond}& \text{number of pi bond}& \text{Hybridization}\\ 4& 0& s{p}^3\\ 3& 1& s{p}^2\\ 2& 2& sp\end{array}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For each p-orbital the “empty” or half-filled orbitals involved should be indicated.

Concept introduction: Sequence that determines hybridization state of an atom is as follows:

• A single bond is always associated with sigma bonds. Molecules that have all atoms connected by sigma bond exclusively are stated to be in $s{p}^3$ hybridization.
• A double bond is always associated with $s{p}^2$ hybridization.
• A triple bond is always associated with $s{p}^3$ hybridization.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The type of hybrid orbital that each lone pair resides in should be indicated.

Concept introduction:Sequence that determines hybridization state of an atom is as follows:

• A single bond is always associated with sigma bonds. Molecules that have all atoms connected by sigma bond exclusively are stated to be in $s{p}^3$ hybridization.
• A double bond is always associated with $s{p}^2$ hybridization.
• A triple bond is always associated with $s{p}^3$ hybridization.