Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780357119303
Author: Bettelheim, Frederick A., Brown, William H., Campbell, Mary K., FARRELL, Shawn O., Torres, Omar
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 3, Problem 61P
3-77 Ozone, O3, is an unstable blue gas with a characteristic pungent odor. In an ozone molecule, the connectivity of the atoms is O−O−O and both O−O bonds are equivalent.
(a) How many valence electrons must be present in an acceptable Lewis structure for an ozone molecule?
(b) Write two equivalent resonance contributing structures for ozone. Be certain to show any positive or negative charges that may be present in your contributing structures. By equivalent contributing structures, we mean that each has the same pattern of bonding.
(c) Show by the use of curved arrows how the first of your contributing structures may be converted to the second.
(d) Based on your contributing structures, predict the O−O−O bond angle in ozone.
(e) Explain why the following is not an acceptable contributing structure for an ozone molecule:
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3. How many valence electrons are in a C atom?
an Cl atom?
(a) Write the full Lewis structure for the CH2C2 molecule. Show all lone pairs.
Pert
(b) Write the geometric structure for the CH2CI2 molecule and name the geometry.
(c) Determine if the CH2CI2 molecule has polar or nonpolar bonds using the
following electronegativity: C = 2.5, H = 2.1, CI = 3.0. Re-draw the geometric
structure below, but this time include partial charges and dipole arrows for any
polar bonds present. Justify your assignments for polar or nonpolar bonds.
Answer true or false.
(a) According to the Lewis model of bonding, atoms bond together in such a way that each atom par- ticipating in the bond acquires an outer-shell electron configuration matching that of the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number.
(b) Atoms that lose electrons to achieve a filled valence shell become cations and form ionic bonds with anions.
(c) Atoms that gain electrons to achieve filled valence shells become anions and form ionic bonds with cations.
(d) Atoms that share electrons to achieve filled valence shells form covalent bonds.
(e) Ionic bonds tend to form between elements on the left side of the Periodic Table, and covalent bonds tend to form between elements on the right side of the Periodic Table.
(f) Ionic bonds tend to form between a metal and a nonmetal.
(g) When two nonmetals combine, the bond between them is usually covalent.
(h) Electronegativity is a measure of an atom’s attrac- tion for the electrons it shares in a chemical bond with another…
8
Chapter 3 Solutions
Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
Ch. 3.1 - Problem 3-1 Show how the following chemical...Ch. 3.3 - Problem 3-2 Judging from their relative positions...Ch. 3.4 - Problem 3-3 Write the formulas for the ionic...Ch. 3.5 - Problem 3-4 Name these binary ionic compounds: (a)...Ch. 3.5 - Prob. 3.5QCCh. 3.5 - Problem 3-6 Give each binary compound a systematic...Ch. 3.5 - Problem 3-7 Name these ionic compounds, each of...Ch. 3.6 - Prob. 3.8QCCh. 3.6 - Prob. 3.9QCCh. 3.6 - Prob. 3.10QC
Ch. 3.6 - Prob. 3.11QCCh. 3.7 - Prob. 3.12QCCh. 3.8 - Prob. 3.13QCCh. 3.8 - Prob. 3.14QCCh. 3.9 - Problem 3-15 Predict all bond angles for these...Ch. 3.10 - Problem 3-16 Which of these molecules are polar?...Ch. 3 - 3-17 Answer true or false. (a) The octet rule...Ch. 3 - 3-18 How many electrons must each atom gain or...Ch. 3 - 3-19 Show how each chemical change obeys the octet...Ch. 3 - 3-20 Show how each chemical change obeys the octet...Ch. 3 - 3-21 Write the formula for the most stable ion...Ch. 3 - 3-22 Why is Li- not a stable ion?Ch. 3 - 3-23 Predict which ions are stable: (a) (b) (c)...Ch. 3 - 3-24 Predict which ions are stable: (a) Br2- (b)...Ch. 3 - 3-25 Why are carbon and silicon reluctant to form...Ch. 3 - 3-26 Table 3-2 shows the following ions of copper:...Ch. 3 - 3-27 Answer true or false. (a) For Group lA and...Ch. 3 - 3-28 Name each polyatomic ion. (a) HCO3- (b) NO2-...Ch. 3 - 3-29 Answer true or false. (a) According to the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 14PCh. 3 - 3-31 Why does electronegativity generally increase...Ch. 3 - 3-32 Judging from their relative positions in the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 17PCh. 3 - 3-34 Which of these bonds is the most polar? The...Ch. 3 - 3-35 Classify each bond as nonpolar covalent,...Ch. 3 - 3-36 Classify each bond as nonpolar covalent,...Ch. 3 - 3-37 Answer true or false. (a) An ionic bond is...Ch. 3 - 3-38 Complete the chart by writing formulas for...Ch. 3 - 3-39 Write a formula for the ionic compound formed...Ch. 3 - Prob. 24PCh. 3 - 3-41 Describe the structure of sodium chloride in...Ch. 3 - 3-42 What is the charge on each ion in these...Ch. 3 - 3-43 Write the formula for the compound formed...Ch. 3 - 3-44 Write the formula for the ionic compound...Ch. 3 - 3-45 Which formulas are not correct? For each that...Ch. 3 - 3-46 Which formulas are not correct? For each that...Ch. 3 - 3-47 Answer true or false. (a) The name of a...Ch. 3 - 3-48 Potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate...Ch. 3 - Prob. 33PCh. 3 - 3-50 Name the polyatomic ion(s) in each compound....Ch. 3 - 3-51 Write the formulas for the ions present in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 36PCh. 3 - 3-53 Write formulas for the following ionic...Ch. 3 - 3-54 Write formulas for the following ionic...Ch. 3 - Prob. 39PCh. 3 - 3-56 How many covalent bonds are normally formed...Ch. 3 - 3-57 What is: (a) A single bond? (b) A double...Ch. 3 - 3-58 In Section 2-3B, we saw that there are seven...Ch. 3 - Prob. 43PCh. 3 - Prob. 44PCh. 3 - Prob. 45PCh. 3 - Prob. 46PCh. 3 - 3-63 What is the difference between (a) a bromine...Ch. 3 - 3-64 Acetylene (C2H2), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and...Ch. 3 - Prob. 49PCh. 3 - 3-66 Why can’t second-row elements have more than...Ch. 3 - 3-67 Why does nitrogen have three bonds and one...Ch. 3 - 3-68 Draw a Lewis structure of a covalent compound...Ch. 3 - Prob. 53PCh. 3 - 3-70 Draw a Lewis structure of a covalent compound...Ch. 3 - Prob. 55PCh. 3 - Prob. 56PCh. 3 - Prob. 57PCh. 3 - 3-74 Answer true or false. (a) A binary covalent...Ch. 3 - Prob. 59PCh. 3 - Prob. 60PCh. 3 - 3-77 Ozone, O3, is an unstable blue gas with a...Ch. 3 - 3-78 Nitrous oxide, N20, laughing gas, is a...Ch. 3 - 3-79 Answer true or false. (a) The letters VSEPR...Ch. 3 - Prob. 64PCh. 3 - Prob. 65PCh. 3 - 3-82 Hydrogen and nitrogen combine in different...Ch. 3 - Prob. 67PCh. 3 - Prob. 68PCh. 3 - Prob. 69PCh. 3 - Prob. 70PCh. 3 - 3-87 Consider the molecule boron trffluoride, BF3....Ch. 3 - Prob. 72PCh. 3 - 3-89 Is it possible for a molecule to have no...Ch. 3 - Prob. 74PCh. 3 - Prob. 75PCh. 3 - Prob. 76PCh. 3 - Prob. 77PCh. 3 - Prob. 78PCh. 3 - Prob. 79PCh. 3 - Prob. 80PCh. 3 - Prob. 81PCh. 3 - Prob. 82PCh. 3 - 3-99 Knowing what you do about covalent bonding in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 84PCh. 3 - Prob. 85PCh. 3 - Prob. 86PCh. 3 - Prob. 87PCh. 3 - Prob. 88PCh. 3 - 3-105 Consider the structure of Vitamin E shown...Ch. 3 - 3-106 Consider the structure of Penicillin G shown...Ch. 3 - 3-107 Ephedrine, a molecule at one time found in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 92PCh. 3 - 3-109 Until several years ago, the two...Ch. 3 - 3-110 Name and write the formula for the fluorine...Ch. 3 - Prob. 95PCh. 3 - Prob. 96PCh. 3 - Prob. 97PCh. 3 - Prob. 98PCh. 3 - Prob. 99PCh. 3 - Prob. 100PCh. 3 - Prob. 101PCh. 3 - Prob. 102PCh. 3 - 3-119 Perchloroethylene, which is a liquid at room...Ch. 3 - 3-120 Vinyl chloride is the starting material for...Ch. 3 - 3-121 Tetrafluoroethylene is the starting material...Ch. 3 - 3-122 Some of the following structural formulas...Ch. 3 - 3-123 Sodium borohydride, NaBH4, has found wide...Ch. 3 - Prob. 108PCh. 3 - Prob. 109PCh. 3 - Prob. 110PCh. 3 - Prob. 111PCh. 3 - Prob. 112PCh. 3 - Consider the structure of Fluoxetine (or Prozac)...Ch. 3 - Consider the structure of lipoic acid shown below,...Ch. 3 - Prob. 115P
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- 2-98 Explain how the ionization energy of atoms changes when proceeding down a group of the Periodic Table and explain why this change occurs.arrow_forward3-119 Perchloroethylene, which is a liquid at room temperature, is one of the most widely used solvents for commercial dry cleaning. It is sold for this purpose under several trade names, including Perciene®. Does this molecule have polar bonds? Is it a polar molecule? Does it have a dipole?arrow_forward3-78 Nitrous oxide, N20, laughing gas, is a colorless, nontoxic, tasteless, and odorless gas. It is used as an inhalation anesthetic in dental and other surgeries. Because nitrous oxide is soluble in vegetable oils (fats), it is used commercially as a propellant in whipped toppings Nitrous oxide dissolves in fats. The gas is added under pressure to cans of whipped topping. When the valve is opened, the gas expands, thus expanding (whipping) the topping and forcing it out of the can. (a) How many valence electrons are present in a molecule of N20? (b) Write two equivalent contributing structures for this molecule. The connectivity in nitrous oxide is NNO. (c) Explain why the following is not an acceptable contributing structure:arrow_forward
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