1 Matter, Energy, And Measurement 2 Atoms 3 Chemical Bonds 4 Chemical Reactions And Energy Calculations 5 Gases, Liquids, And Solids 6 Solutions And Colloids 7 Reaction Rates And Chemical Equilibrium 8 Acids And Bases 9 Nuclear Chemistry 10 Organic Chemistry 11 Alkanes 12 Alkenes, Alkynes, And Aromatic Compounds 13 Alcohols, Ethers, And Thiols 14 Chirality: The Handedness Of Molecules 15 Amines 16 Aldehydes And Ketones 17 Carboxylic Acids 18 Carboxylic Anhydrides, Esters, And Amides 19 Carbohydrates 20 Lipids 21 Proteins 22 Enzymes 23 Chemical Communications: Neurotransmitters And Hormones 24 Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, And Heredity 25 Gene Expression And Protein Synthesis 26 Bioenergetics: How The Body Converts Food To Energy 27 Specific Catabolic Pathways: Carbohydrate, Lipid, And Protein Metabolism 28 Biosynthetic Pathways 29 Nutrition 30 Immunochemistry expand_more
3.1 The Octer Rule 3.2 Naming Anions And Cations 3.3 The Two Major Types Of Chemical Bonds 3.4 An Ionic Bond 3.5 Naming Ionic Compounds 3.6 A Covalent Bond 3.7 Naming Binary Covalent Compounds 3.8 Resonance 3.9 Predicting Bond Angles In Covalent Molecules 3.10 Determining If A Molecule Is Polar Chapter Questions expand_more
Problem 1P: 3-17 Answer true or false. (a) The octet rule refers to the chemical bonding patterns of the first... Problem 2P: 3-18 How many electrons must each atom gain or lose to acquire an electron configuration identical... Problem 3P: 3-19 Show how each chemical change obeys the octet rule. (a) Lithium forms Li+ ( b) Oxygen forms O2- Problem 4P: 3-20 Show how each chemical change obeys the octet rule. (a) Hydrogen forms W- (hydride ion) (b)... Problem 5P: 3-21 Write the formula for the most stable ion formed by each element. (a) Mg (b) F (c) Al (d)S (e)K... Problem 6P: 3-22 Why is Li- not a stable ion? Problem 7P: 3-23 Predict which ions are stable: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Problem 8P: 3-24 Predict which ions are stable: (a) Br2- (b) C4- (c) Ca+ (d) Ar+ (e) Na+ (f) Cs+ Problem 9P: 3-25 Why are carbon and silicon reluctant to form ionic bonds? Problem 10P: 3-26 Table 3-2 shows the following ions of copper: Cu+ and Cu2+. Do these violate the octet rule?... Problem 11P: 3-27 Answer true or false. (a) For Group lA and Group 2A elements, the name of the ion each forms is... Problem 12P: 3-28 Name each polyatomic ion. (a) HCO3- (b) NO2- (c) SO42- (d) HSO4- (e) H2PO4- Problem 13P: 3-29 Answer true or false. (a) According to the Lewis model of bonding, atoms bond together in such... Problem 14P Problem 15P: 3-31 Why does electronegativity generally increase going from left to right across a row of the... Problem 16P: 3-32 Judging from their relative positions in the Periodic Table, which element in each pair has the... Problem 17P Problem 18P: 3-34 Which of these bonds is the most polar? The least polar? (a) CN (b) CC (c) CO Problem 19P: 3-35 Classify each bond as nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic. (a) CCl (b) CLi (c) CN Problem 20P: 3-36 Classify each bond as nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic. (a) CBr ( b) SCl (c) CP Problem 21P: 3-37 Answer true or false. (a) An ionic bond is formed by the combination of positive and negative... Problem 22P: 3-38 Complete the chart by writing formulas for the compounds formed: Br- MnO4- O2- NO3- SO42- PO43-... Problem 23P: 3-39 Write a formula for the ionic compound formed from each pair of elements. (a) Sodium and... Problem 24P Problem 25P: 3-41 Describe the structure of sodium chloride in the solid state. Problem 26P: 3-42 What is the charge on each ion in these compounds? (a) CaS (b) MgF2 (c) Cs2O (d) ScCl3 (e)... Problem 27P: 3-43 Write the formula for the compound formed from the following pairs of ions: (a) Iron(III) ion... Problem 28P: 3-44 Write the formula for the ionic compound formed from the following pairs of ions: (a) Iron(II)... Problem 29P: 3-45 Which formulas are not correct? For each that is not correct, write the correct formula. (a)... Problem 30P: 3-46 Which formulas are not correct? For each that is not correct, write the correct formula. (a)... Problem 31P: 3-47 Answer true or false. (a) The name of a binary ionic compound consists of the name of the... Problem 32P: 3-48 Potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate are used as potassium dietary supplements. Write... Problem 33P Problem 34P: 3-50 Name the polyatomic ion(s) in each compound. (a) Na2SO3 (b) KNO3 (c) Cs2CO3 (d) NH4OH (e)... Problem 35P: 3-51 Write the formulas for the ions present in each compound. (a) NaBr (b) FeSO3 (c) Mg3(PO4)2 (d)... Problem 36P Problem 37P: 3-53 Write formulas for the following ionic compounds: (a) Potassium bromide (b) Calcium oxide (c)... Problem 38P: 3-54 Write formulas for the following ionic compounds: (a) Ammonium hydrogen sulfite (b) Magnesium... Problem 39P Problem 40P: 3-56 How many covalent bonds are normally formed by each element? (a)N ( b)F (c)C (d)Br (e)O Problem 41P: 3-57 What is: (a) A single bond? (b) A double bond? (c) A triple bond? Problem 42P: 3-58 In Section 2-3B, we saw that there are seven diatomic elements. (a) Draw Lewis structures for... Problem 43P Problem 44P Problem 45P Problem 46P Problem 47P: 3-63 What is the difference between (a) a bromine atom, (b) a bromine molecule, and (c) a bromide... Problem 48P: 3-64 Acetylene (C2H2), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and nitrogen (N2) each contain a triple bond. Draw a... Problem 49P Problem 50P: 3-66 Why can’t second-row elements have more than eight electrons in their valence shells? That is,... Problem 51P: 3-67 Why does nitrogen have three bonds and one unshared pair of electrons in covalent compounds? Problem 52P: 3-68 Draw a Lewis structure of a covalent compound in which nitrogen has: (a) Three single bonds and... Problem 53P Problem 54P: 3-70 Draw a Lewis structure of a covalent compound in which oxygen has: (a) Two single bonds and two... Problem 55P Problem 56P Problem 57P Problem 58P: 3-74 Answer true or false. (a) A binary covalent compound contains two kinds of atoms. (b) The two... Problem 59P Problem 60P Problem 61P: 3-77 Ozone, O3, is an unstable blue gas with a characteristic pungent odor. In an ozone molecule,... Problem 62P: 3-78 Nitrous oxide, N20, laughing gas, is a colorless, nontoxic, tasteless, and odorless gas. It is... Problem 63P: 3-79 Answer true or false. (a) The letters VSEPR stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion.... Problem 64P Problem 65P Problem 66P: 3-82 Hydrogen and nitrogen combine in different ratios to form three compounds: NH3 (ammonia),... Problem 67P Problem 68P Problem 69P Problem 70P Problem 71P: 3-87 Consider the molecule boron trffluoride, BF3. (a) Write a Lewis structure for BF3. (b) Predict... Problem 72P Problem 73P: 3-89 Is it possible for a molecule to have no polar bonds and yet have a dipole? Explain. Problem 74P Problem 75P Problem 76P Problem 77P Problem 78P Problem 79P Problem 80P Problem 81P Problem 82P Problem 83P: 3-99 Knowing what you do about covalent bonding in compounds of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen and... Problem 84P Problem 85P Problem 86P Problem 87P Problem 88P Problem 89P: 3-105 Consider the structure of Vitamin E shown below, which is found most abundantly in wheat germ... Problem 90P: 3-106 Consider the structure of Penicillin G shown below, an antibiotic used to treat bacterial... Problem 91P: 3-107 Ephedrine, a molecule at one time found in the dietary supplement ephedra, has been linked to... Problem 92P Problem 93P: 3-109 Until several years ago, the two chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) most widely used as heat transfer... Problem 94P: 3-110 Name and write the formula for the fluorine containing compound present in fluoridated tooth... Problem 95P Problem 96P Problem 97P Problem 98P Problem 99P Problem 100P Problem 101P Problem 102P Problem 103P: 3-119 Perchloroethylene, which is a liquid at room temperature, is one of the most widely used... Problem 104P: 3-120 Vinyl chloride is the starting material for the production of poly(vinyl chloride),... Problem 105P: 3-121 Tetrafluoroethylene is the starting material for the production of poly(tetrafluoroethylene),... Problem 106P: 3-122 Some of the following structural formulas are incorrect because they contain one or more atoms... Problem 107P: 3-123 Sodium borohydride, NaBH4, has found wide use as a reducing agent in organic chemistry. It is... Problem 108P Problem 109P Problem 110P Problem 111P Problem 112P Problem 113P: Consider the structure of Fluoxetine (or Prozac) below, a drug approved for the treatment of major... Problem 114P: Consider the structure of lipoic acid shown below, a growth factor for many bacteria and protozoa... Problem 115P format_list_bulleted