Biochemistry: Concepts and Connections
Biochemistry: Concepts and Connections
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780321839923
Author: Dean R. Appling, Spencer J. Anthony-Cahill, Christopher K. Mathews
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 3, Problem 16P
Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The amount of free energy change involved in transporting 10-6 mole of glucose from the medium into the cellshould be calculated if the concentration of glucose inside a cell is 0.1 mM and the cell is suspended in a glucose solution of 0.01 mM.

Concept introduction:

The standard Gibbs free energy change is related to concentration of all the species involved in the reaction as follows:

ΔG = ΔG0 + RT ln Q

Here, ΔGo is standard Gibbs free energy change

ΔG is Gibbs free energy change

R is Universal gas constant

T is temperature

Q is reaction quotient

For movement of ions and species in and outside the cell, Gibbs free energy change can be calculated as follows:

ΔG = RT ln [ C ]in[ C ]out

Here, [ C ]in and [ C ]out is concentration of species inside and outside the cell respectively.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The amount of free energy change involved in transporting 10-6 mole of glucose from the medium into the cell should be calculated if the intracellular and extracellular concentrations were 1 mM and 10 mM.

Concept introduction:

The standard Gibbs free energy change is related to concentration of all the species involved in the reaction as follows:

ΔG = ΔG0 + RT ln Q

Here, ΔGo is standard Gibbs free energy change

ΔG is Gibbs free energy change

R is Universal gas constant

T is temperature

Q is reaction quotient

For movement of ions and species in and outside the cell, Gibbs free energy change can be calculated as follows:

ΔG = RT ln [ C ]in[ C ]out

Here, [ C ]in and [ C ]out is concentration of species inside and outside the cell respectively.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The number moles of ATP should be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The standard Gibbs free energy change is related to concentration of all the species involved in the reaction as follows:

ΔG = ΔG0 + RT ln Q

Here, ΔGo is standard Gibbs free energy change

ΔG is Gibbs free energy change

R is Universal gas constant

T is temperature

Q is reaction quotient

For movement of ions and species in and outside the cell, Gibbs free energy change can be calculated as follows:

ΔG = RT ln [ C ]in[ C ]out

Here, [ C ]in and [ C ]out is concentration of species inside and outside the cell respectively.

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Compare and contrast primary and secondary active transport mechanisms in terms of energy utilisation and efficiency. Provide examples of each and discuss their physiological significance in maintaining ionic balance and nutrient uptake. Rubric Understanding the key concepts (clearly and accurately explains primary and secondary active transport mechanisms, showing a deep understanding of their roles) Energy utilisation analysis ( thoroughly compares energy utilisation in primary and secondary transport with specific and relevant examples Efficiency discussion Use of examples (provides relevant and accurate examples (e.g sodium potassium pump, SGLT1) with clear links to physiological significance. Clarity and structure (presents ideas logically and cohesively with clear organisation and smooth transition between sections)
9. Which one of the compounds below is the major organic product obtained from the following reaction sequence, starting with ethyl acetoacetate? 요요. 1. NaOCH2CH3 CH3CH2OH 1. NaOH, H₂O 2. H3O+ 3. A OCH2CH3 2. ethyl acetoacetate ii A 3. H3O+ OH B C D E
7. Only one of the following ketones cannot be made via an acetoacetic ester synthesis. Which one is it? Ph کہ A B C D E
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