Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134015187
Author: John E. McMurry, David S. Ballantine, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. Peterson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Question
Chapter 29, Problem 29.64GP
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The compounds which are expected to cross the BBB the easiest and the compounds which are expected to cross the BBB the hardest has to be given and also provide a chemical rationale for the answer.
Concept introduction:
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is made up membrane lipids.
The breaching of BBB is depending upon the solubility of substances in the membrane.
Alcohols are very soluble in lipids.
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The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl CoA. E₁, E2, and E3
are abbreviations for the enzymes of the complex. Classify the enzyme names, prosthetic groups, and reactions as E1, E2, or E3.
E₁
E2
Answer Bank
E3
transfer of electrons to FAD and then to NAD+
transfer of acetyl group to coenzyme A
formation of hydroxyethyl-TPP
hydroxyethyl group transferred to lipoamide
thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
FAD
lipoamide
dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
pyruvate dehydrogenase
dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
Patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency show high levels of lactic acid in the blood. However, in some cases, treatment
with dichloroacetate (DCA), which inhibits the kinase associated with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, lowers lactic
acid levels.
How does DCA act to stimulate pyruvate dehydrogenase activity?
DCA activates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.
DCA increases phosphorylation levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase.
DCA inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.
ODCA activates pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.
What does this suggest about pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in patients who respond to DCA?
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is active only when phosphorylated by the kinase.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is active only in the presence of the kinase.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is completely inactive.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex displays some residual activity.
Chapter 29 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
Ch. 29.1 - Prob. 29.1KCPCh. 29.3 - Prob. 29.1CIAPCh. 29.3 - Prob. 29.2CIAPCh. 29.3 - Prob. 29.3CIAPCh. 29.3 - Prob. 29.4CIAPCh. 29.3 - Match each term in the (a)(e) group with its...Ch. 29.5 - Prob. 29.3KCPCh. 29.5 - Prob. 29.4PCh. 29.5 - Prob. 29.5PCh. 29.8 - Prob. 29.5CIAP
Ch. 29.8 - Prob. 29.6CIAPCh. 29.8 - One of the more advanced blood tests used to...Ch. 29 - Body fluids occupy two different compartments,...Ch. 29 - Prob. 29.7UKCCh. 29 - Prob. 29.8UKCCh. 29 - Prob. 29.9UKCCh. 29 - Prob. 29.10UKCCh. 29 - Prob. 29.11UKCCh. 29 - Prob. 29.12UKCCh. 29 - Prob. 29.13APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.14APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.15APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.16APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.17APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.18APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.19APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.20APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.21APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.22APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.23APCh. 29 - What are the three main types of cells found in...Ch. 29 - Prob. 29.25APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.26APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.27APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.28APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.29APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.30APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.31APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.32APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.33APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.34APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.35APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.36APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.37APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.38APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.39APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.40APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.41APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.42APCh. 29 - What color is deoxyhemoglobin? Why?Ch. 29 - Prob. 29.44APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.45APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.46APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.47APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.48APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.49APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.50APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.51APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.52APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.53APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.54APCh. 29 - Prob. 29.55CPCh. 29 - Prob. 29.56CPCh. 29 - Prob. 29.57CPCh. 29 - How does active transport differ from osmosis?Ch. 29 - Prob. 29.59CPCh. 29 - Prob. 29.60CPCh. 29 - Prob. 29.61CPCh. 29 - Prob. 29.62CPCh. 29 - Have each member of your group choose an energy...Ch. 29 - Prob. 29.64GPCh. 29 - Prob. 29.65GP
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- The oxidation of malate by NAD+ to form oxaloacetate is a highly endergonic reaction under standard conditions. AG +29 kJ mol¹ (+7 kcal mol-¹) Malate + NAD+ oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ The reaction proceeds readily under physiological conditions. = Why does the reaction proceed readily as written under physiological conditions? The NADH produced during glycolysis drives the reaction in the direction of malate oxidation. The steady-state concentrations of the products are low compared with those of the substrates. The reaction is pushed forward by the energetically favorable oxidation of fumarate to malate. Endergonic reactions such as this occur spontaneously without the input of free energy. Assuming an [NAD+ ]/[NADH] ratio of 8, a temperature of 25°C, and a pH of 7, what is the lowest [malate]/[oxaloacetate] ratio at which oxaloacetate can be formed from malate? [malate] [oxaloacetate]arrow_forwardCalculate and compare the AG values for the oxidation of succinate by NAD+ and FAD. Use the data given in the table to find the E of the NAD+: NADH and fumarate:succinate couples, and assume that E for the enzyme-bound FAD: FADH2 redox couple is nearly +0.05 V. Oxidant Reductant " E' (V) NAD+ NADH + H+ 2 -0.32 Fumarate Succinate AG°' for the oxidation of succinate by NAD+: AG°' for the oxidation of succinate by FAD: 2 -0.03 Why is FAD rather than NAD+ the electron acceptor in the reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase? The electron-transport chain can regenerate FAD, but not NAD+. FAD is an oxidant, whereas NAD+ is a reductant. The oxidation of succinate requires two NAD+ molecules but only one FAD molecule. The oxidation of succinate by NAD+ is not thermodynamically feasible. kJ mol-1 kJ mol-1arrow_forwardUse the cellular respiration interactive to help you complete the passage. 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) was a popular ingredient in diet pills in the 1930s before it was discovered that moderate doses of the compound cause exceptionally high body temperature and even death. Complete the passage detailing how DNP's mechanism of action explains why it causes both high body temperature and weight loss. 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) causes of returning to the mitochondrial matrix through to pass directly across the inner mitochondrial membrane instead proteins. Because of DNP's effect on the mitochondrion, less energy is captured in the form of energy is instead wasted as heat. and more protons electrons ATP NADH sugars cytochrome ATP synthase heatarrow_forward
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