Chapter 26, Problem 26.48AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why the hydrogens of the methyl group shown in red, as well as the imide proton, are readily exchanged for deuterium by dilute $\text{NaOD}$ in ${\text{D}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$ but those of the other methyl group are not is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The nucleophilic substitution reactions depend upon the nucleophilicity and concentration of the nucleophile. There are two types of nucleophilic substitution reaction.

The carbon which acquires a negative charge act as nucleophile and it is known as a carbanion. The resonance occurs due to the delocalization of $\text{π-}$ electrons present in the aromatic ring and they provide stability to the structure.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why the hydrogens of the methyl group shown in red are most acidic, even though the other methyl group is directly attached to the positively charged nitrogen is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The nucleophilic substitution reactions depend upon the nucleophilicity and concentration of the nucleophile. There are two types of nuclephilic substitution reaction.

The carbon which acquires a negative charge acts as nucleophile and it is known as carbanion. The resonance occurs due to the delocalization of $\text{π-}$ electrons present in the aromatic ring and they provide stability to the structure.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why the given reaction takes place in aqueous base is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the water molecule is breaks the bonds between two or more molecules in a compound. The term is generally used for the elimination and substitution reaction in which water molecule act as a nucleophile.

The nucleophilic substitution reactions are the reactions in which one nucleophile is substituted by another nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why the compound, $2\text{-}$ pyridone does not hydrolyse in aqueous $\text{NaOH}$ but with the same conditions the rapid hydrolysis of $\text{δ-}$ butyrolactam occurs is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the water molecule is breaks the bonds between two or more molecules in a compound. The term is generally used for the elimination and substitution reaction in which water molecule act as a nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why treatment of $4\text{-}$ chloropyridine with ammonia gives $4\text{-}$ aminopyridine, but treatment of $\text{3-}$ chloropyridine under the same conditions gives no reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The nucleophilic substitution reactions depend upon the nucleophilicity and concentration of the nucleophile. There are two types of nucleophilic substitution reaction.

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction is a nucleophilic substitution bimolecular single step reaction in which the addition of nucleophile and removal of leaving group takes place simultaneously.