
(a)
Interpretation: The description of elution.
Concept introduction: A definition is used to describe the meaning of a term and this term can be a word, phrase, or other sets of symbols. There are two types of definitions and they are intentional definitions, which try to give the sense of a term and extensional definitions, which proceed by listing the objects that a term describes.
(a)

Explanation of Solution
Elution is defined as the process of extracting the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(b)
Interpretation: The description of mobile phase.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(b)

Explanation of Solution
In Chromatography two phases are present these are following.
- Stationary phase
- Mobile phase- The phase of chromatography which flow from the stationary phase of the chromatography and carry the component of the mixture with the phase.
(c)
Interpretation: The description of stationary phase.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(c)

Explanation of Solution
Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
In chromatography two phases are present these are following.
- Stationary phase- The solid or liquid phase of chromatography in which the solid material is absorbed which is separated from the mixture is called stationary phase.
- Mobile phase
(d)
Interpretation: The description of distribution constant.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(d)

Explanation of Solution
Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
The ratio of concentration of the solute of the stationary phase of the chromatography to the concentration of the solute of the mobile phase of the chromatography is called distribution constant.
The expression of distribution constant is:
Here, the concentration of the solute of the stationary phase of the chromatography is
(e)
Interpretation: The description of retention time.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(e)

Explanation of Solution
The sum of the stationary phase time and the mobile phase time of chromatography is called retention time.
The expression of retention time is:
Here, the stationary phase time is
(f)
Interpretation: The description of the retention factor.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(f)

Explanation of Solution
The ratio of the product of the distribution constant and the volume of the stationary phase of chromatography to the volume of the mobile phase of chromatography is called retention factor.
The expression of retention factor is:
Here, the volume of the stationary phase of chromatography is
(g)
Interpretation: The description of the volumetric flow rate.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(g)

Explanation of Solution
The ratio of volume of the fluid in the mobile phase of chromatography to the time needed to pass the volume of the fluid from the mobile phase of chromatography is called volume flow rate.
The expression of volume flow rate is:
Here, the volume of the fluid in the mobile phase of chromatography is
(h)
Interpretation: The description of the linear flow velocity.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(h)

Explanation of Solution
The volumetric flow rate of the fluid per unit cross sectional area of the column from which the fluid is flow is called linear flow velocity.
(i)
Interpretation: The description of selectivity factor.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(i)

Explanation of Solution
The ratio of the distribution constant of highly retained species of chromatography to the distribution constant of less retained species of chromatography is called selectivity factor.
The expression of selectivity factor is:
Here, the distribution constant of highly retained species of chromatography is
(j)
Interpretation: The description of the plate height.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(j)

Explanation of Solution
The ratio of the variance of chromatography to the length of the column is called plate height.
The expression of plate height is:
Here, the variance of chromatography is
(k)
Interpretation: The description of the column resolution.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(k)

Explanation of Solution
In the chromatography, column is the pathway for the reaction to take place. The column resolution is obtained from the width of the first point and that of the second point.
The expression of Column resolution is:
Here, the width of the pick at first point is
(l)
Interpretation: The description of the longitudinal diffusion.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(l)

Explanation of Solution
The process of migration of solute from a concentrated centre of a band of chromatography to the dilute region in other side of chromatography is called longitudinal diffusion.
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Chapter 26 Solutions
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
- Determine the pH of solution of HC3H5O2 By constructing an ICE table writing the equilibrium constant expression, and using this information to determine the pH. The Ka of HC3H5O2 is 1.3 x 10-5arrow_forwardDetermine if the following salt is neutral, acidic or basic. If acidic or basic, write the appropriate equilibrium equation for the acid or base that exists when the salt is dissolved in aqueous solution. If neutral, simply write only NR. Be sure to include the proper phases for all species within the reaction LiNO3arrow_forwardAn unknown weak acid with a concentration of 0.410 M has a pH of 5.600. What is the Ka of the weak acid?arrow_forward
- (racemic) 19.84 Using your reaction roadmaps as a guide, show how to convert 2-oxepanone and ethanol into 1-cyclopentenecarbaldehyde. You must use 2-oxepanone as the source of all carbon atoms in the target molecule. Show all reagents and all molecules synthesized along the way. & + EtOH H 2-Oxepanone 1-Cyclopentenecarbaldehydearrow_forwardR₂ R₁ R₁ a R Rg Nu R₂ Rg R₁ R R₁₂ R3 R R Nu enolate forming R₁ R B-Alkylated carbonyl species or amines Cyclic B-Ketoester R₁₁ HOB R R₁B R R₁₂ B-Hydroxy carbonyl R diester R2 R3 R₁ RB OR R₂ 0 aB-Unsaturated carbonyl NaOR Aldol HOR reaction 1) LDA 2) R-X 3) H₂O/H₂O ketone, aldehyde 1) 2°-amine 2) acid chloride 3) H₂O'/H₂O 0 O R₁ R₁ R R₁ R₁₂ Alkylated a-carbon R₁ H.C R₁ H.C Alkylated methyl ketone acetoacetic ester B-Ketoester ester R₁ HO R₂ R B-Dicarbonyl HO Alkylated carboxylic acid malonic ester Write the reagents required to bring about each reaction next to the arrows shown. Next, record any regiochemistry or stereochemistry considerations relevant to the reaction. You should also record any key aspects of the mechanism, such as forma- tion of an important intermediate, as a helpful reminder. You may want to keep track of all reactions that make carbon-carbon bonds, because these help you build large molecules from smaller fragments. This especially applies to the reactions in…arrow_forwardProvide the reasonable steps to achieve the following synthesis.arrow_forward
- Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
