(a)
Interpretation: The description of elution.
Concept introduction: A definition is used to describe the meaning of a term and this term can be a word, phrase, or other sets of symbols. There are two types of definitions and they are intentional definitions, which try to give the sense of a term and extensional definitions, which proceed by listing the objects that a term describes.
(a)
Explanation of Solution
Elution is defined as the process of extracting the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(b)
Interpretation: The description of mobile phase.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(b)
Explanation of Solution
In Chromatography two phases are present these are following.
- Stationary phase
- Mobile phase- The phase of chromatography which flow from the stationary phase of the chromatography and carry the component of the mixture with the phase.
(c)
Interpretation: The description of stationary phase.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(c)
Explanation of Solution
Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
In chromatography two phases are present these are following.
- Stationary phase- The solid or liquid phase of chromatography in which the solid material is absorbed which is separated from the mixture is called stationary phase.
- Mobile phase
(d)
Interpretation: The description of distribution constant.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(d)
Explanation of Solution
Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
The ratio of concentration of the solute of the stationary phase of the chromatography to the concentration of the solute of the mobile phase of the chromatography is called distribution constant.
The expression of distribution constant is:
Here, the concentration of the solute of the stationary phase of the chromatography is
(e)
Interpretation: The description of retention time.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(e)
Explanation of Solution
The sum of the stationary phase time and the mobile phase time of chromatography is called retention time.
The expression of retention time is:
Here, the stationary phase time is
(f)
Interpretation: The description of the retention factor.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(f)
Explanation of Solution
The ratio of the product of the distribution constant and the volume of the stationary phase of chromatography to the volume of the mobile phase of chromatography is called retention factor.
The expression of retention factor is:
Here, the volume of the stationary phase of chromatography is
(g)
Interpretation: The description of the volumetric flow rate.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(g)
Explanation of Solution
The ratio of volume of the fluid in the mobile phase of chromatography to the time needed to pass the volume of the fluid from the mobile phase of chromatography is called volume flow rate.
The expression of volume flow rate is:
Here, the volume of the fluid in the mobile phase of chromatography is
(h)
Interpretation: The description of the linear flow velocity.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(h)
Explanation of Solution
The volumetric flow rate of the fluid per unit cross sectional area of the column from which the fluid is flow is called linear flow velocity.
(i)
Interpretation: The description of selectivity factor.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(i)
Explanation of Solution
The ratio of the distribution constant of highly retained species of chromatography to the distribution constant of less retained species of chromatography is called selectivity factor.
The expression of selectivity factor is:
Here, the distribution constant of highly retained species of chromatography is
(j)
Interpretation: The description of the plate height.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(j)
Explanation of Solution
The ratio of the variance of chromatography to the length of the column is called plate height.
The expression of plate height is:
Here, the variance of chromatography is
(k)
Interpretation: The description of the column resolution.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(k)
Explanation of Solution
In the chromatography, column is the pathway for the reaction to take place. The column resolution is obtained from the width of the first point and that of the second point.
The expression of Column resolution is:
Here, the width of the pick at first point is
(l)
Interpretation: The description of the longitudinal diffusion.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(l)
Explanation of Solution
The process of migration of solute from a concentrated centre of a band of chromatography to the dilute region in other side of chromatography is called longitudinal diffusion.
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Chapter 26 Solutions
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
- 4arrow_forwardAnswer the questions by using the given graph belowarrow_forward(3) A 0.35 mm diameter open tubular gas chromatography column is coated with stationary phase that is 0.25 um thick. The diffusion coefficient for a compound with a retention factor k 10 is D 1.5x10 m2s' in the gas phase and D, 2.5x10 m s in the stationary phase. Calculate the plate height if the linear flow rate is 20 cm s. If you increase the temperature of this column what would happen to the plate height. Explain by giving reasons.arrow_forward
- 4.Consider the peaks for pentafluorobenzene and benzene in the gas chromatogram shown here. The elution time for unretained solute is 1.06 min. The open tubular column is 30.0 m in length and 0.530 mm in diameter, with a layer of stationary phase 3.0 μm thick on the inner wall. a) Measruing the width, w, at the baseline on the chromatogram, find the number of plates for these two compounds b) Use your answer to (a) to find the resolution between the two peaks c) Using the number of plates N=sqrtN1*N2 with the values from (a) calcuate what the resolution should be and compare your answer with the measured resolution in barrow_forward2-pentanone has a retention index of 987 on a poly(ethylene glycol) column (also called Carbowax). (a) Between which two straight-chain hydrocarbons is 2-pentanone eluted? (b) An unretained solute is eluted from a certain column in 1.80 min. Decane (C10H22) is eluted in 15.63 min and undecane (C11H24) is eluted in 17.22 min. What is the retention time of a compound whose retention index is 1 050?arrow_forwardA solution of volume 1 mL, containing an equal parts mixture (by weight) of aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen), was analysed by HPLC, displaying peaks at retention times 1.5 mins (area integration 1500) and 2.0 mins (area integration 2500). An unknown solution, also volume 1 mL, was analysed under the same conditions and, among a number of other peaks, there was one at 2.0 mins (area integration 4000). (i) How can the 2.0 min peak in the unknown sample be confirmed as paracetamol? (ii) In a subsequent analysis, 5.0 mg of aspirin was dissolved in the unknown solution and an extra peak appeared in the HPLC at 1.5 mins (area integration 2000). Assuming the 2.0 min peak confirmed as paracetamol, determine its concentration (g L-¹) in the unknown sample and estimate the error in the determination.arrow_forward
- A 20-cm long packed column was used to perform the separation of A and B by LC. TRA=16.28 min, TR,B=17.50 min, WA=1.11 min, WB=1.19 min, tм=1.30 min. (a) Calculate the retention factor (k') for A and B. (b) Calculate the average number of theoretical plates and plate height.arrow_forwardConsider a 22.0 cm long column with a plate height of 0.0125 mm, a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and a Vm =1.2 mL (peak shapes are all symmetric). What is the solute retention time, retention volume, and peak width at half height when k’ = 7.2?arrow_forwardA chromatographic analysis is performed with a sample containing toluene and benzene. The column length was 25 m and the flow rate 45 mL/min. Solute tR air 1.75 benzene (A) 7.00 1.85 toluene (B) 16.10 1.65 Calculate the theoretical plate height for each peak. Benzene: 109 mm/plate and Toluene 16 mm/plate Benzene: 105 mm/plate and Toluene 49.7 mm/plate Benzene: 172 mm/plate and Toluene 175 mm/plate Benzene: 119 mm/plate and Toluene 181 mm/platearrow_forward
- A new method is proposed to simultaneously detectand separatefour foodadditives by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The data were obtained using theliquid chromatographic column with a flow rate of 0.5 mL per min and with the followingparameters: Pore size 100 A Particle Size 3.5 Internal diameter 4.6 mm Length 150 mm The food additives found in the sample resulted in the following data: ( see image for table) a.Calculate the number of plates from each peak. b.Calculate the plate height for the column. c.Retention factor for each peak.arrow_forwardIn a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis, toluene exhibits a capacityfactor of 3.5 on a 15.0 cm column. The unretained solute is eluted at 1.33 min (tm). a) Determine the retention time tR of toluene. b) Calculate the number of theoretical plates and the plate height that would produceatoluene peak eluting at 12.83 min with a width at the base of 18.4 sarrow_forwardSubstances A and B have retention times of 16.40 and 17.63 minutes, in a 30.0 cm column. A species that is not retained passes through the column in 1.30 minutes. The peak widths (at the base) for A and B are 1.11 and 1.21 minutes.Calculate:a) Resolution of the columnb) Average number of plates in the column.c) Height of the plate.d) Time required to elute substance B in a column that gives a resolution value, Rs = of 1.5.arrow_forward
- Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning