Bacterial cells can be classified as gram-positive or gram-negative, depending upon the ability to retain the stain. The gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, while the gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan cell-wall. The crosslinking of a peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria helps it retain the crystal violet stain ( gram stain ). Gram-negative bacteria have a slime layer outside their plasma membrane that is also known as a capsule in certain cases. The human gut and excretory system are often colonized by a huge range of microbiota.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1TYK

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Bacterial cells can be classified as gram-positive or gram-negative, depending upon the ability to retain the stain. The gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, while the gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan cell-wall. The crosslinking of a peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria helps it retain the crystal violet stain (gram stain). Gram-negative bacteria have a slime layer outside their plasma membrane that is also known as a capsule in certain cases. The human gut and excretory system are often colonized by a huge range of microbiota.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

Pili keep them attached to the urethral walls.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (d) is pili. Pili are the hair-like structures that arise from the cell walls of the bacteria. Pili are mostly present in gram-negative bacteria and help them adhere to a surface like other prokaryotic cells or tissue membranes like the urethral lining in humans. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Explanation for incorrect answer:

Option (a) is sex pili. The sex pili are extended for conjugation, in which the one bacterium exchanges genetic material with another, under adverse conditions. Sex pili do not help in adherence to the host tissues. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) is flagella. Flagella are hair-like extensions that help in the locomotion of a microbe. The flagella move with the help of motor proteins, allowing the bacteria to move from one location to another. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) is capsule. The capsule is a diffused glycocalyx present in the gram-negative bacteria. It protects the bacteria from antibiotic effects. The peptidoglycan of cell-wall protects the bacteria from adverse environments. So, it is an incorrect option.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the bacterial cells that are present in the urethra are gram-negative as their surface is covered with pili that help them adhere to the urethral walls.

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Digoxin: Intravenous Bolus - Two Compartment Model Drug Digoxin Route: IV Bolus Dose: 0.750 mg Plasma Concentration Time Profile Beta Alpha Time (hrs) Conc (ng/ml) LN (ng/ml) LN (ng/ml) LN 0.00 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! 0.10 12.290 2.509 #NUM! #NUMI 0.60 6.975 1.942 #NUM! #NUMI 1.00 4.649 1.537 #NUM! #NUMI 2.00 2.201 0.789 #NUM! #NUM! 3.00 1.536 0.429 #NUM! #NUM! 4.00 1.342 0.294 #NUM! #NUM! 5.00 1.273 0.241 #NUM! #NUMI 6.00 1.238 0.213 #NUM! #NUM! 7.00 1.212 0.192 #NUM! #NUM! 8.00 1.188 0.172 #NUMI #NUM! 9.00 1.165 0.153 #NUM! #NUMI 10.00 1.143 0.134 #NUMI #NUM! 11.00 1.122 0.115 #NUM! 12.00 1.101 0.096 #NUMI 13.00 1.080 0.077 #NUMI 16.00 1.020 0.020 #NUMI 24.00 0.876 -0.132 #NUMI Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Alpha B Beta Units ng/ml hr-1 ng/ml hr-1 CO ng/ml H.C AUC ng x hr/ml Vc Vbeta Vss C L/hr TK (alpha) hr TX (beta) days 5+ F3 F4 F5 0+ F6 F7 % 6 95 14 #3 29 & t F8 F9 FW EW

Linuron, a derivative of urea, is used as an herbicide. Linuron serum levels were measured in 4Kg rabbits following a bolus IV injection of 10mg/kg. Time (minutes) Serum Linuron Levels (ug/ml) following IV dose 10 15.48 20 8.60 30 5.90 45 3.78 60 2.42 90 1.49 120 0.93 180 0.60 240 0.41 300 0.29 360 0.22 Analyze this data and perform the necessary calculations to determine the following pharmacokinetic parameters from the IV data: (5 points per parameter, 24 parameters/variables ■ 120 points possible). You do NOT need to submit graphs or data tables. Give the terminal regression line equation and R or R² value: Give the x axis (name and units, if any) of the terminal line: Give the y axis (name and units, if any) of the terminal line: Give the residual regression line equation and R or R² value: Give the x axis (name and units, if any) of the residual line: Give the y axis (name and units, if any) of the residual line:

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1TYK

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Bacterial cells can be classified as gram-positive or gram-negative, depending upon the ability to retain the stain. The gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, while the gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan cell-wall. The crosslinking of a peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria helps it retain the crystal violet stain (gram stain). Gram-negative bacteria have a slime layer outside their plasma membrane that is also known as a capsule in certain cases. The human gut and excretory system are often colonized by a huge range of microbiota.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

Pili keep them attached to the urethral walls.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (d) is pili. Pili are the hair-like structures that arise from the cell walls of the bacteria. Pili are mostly present in gram-negative bacteria and help them adhere to a surface like other prokaryotic cells or tissue membranes like the urethral lining in humans. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Explanation for incorrect answer:

Option (a) is sex pili. The sex pili are extended for conjugation, in which the one bacterium exchanges genetic material with another, under adverse conditions. Sex pili do not help in adherence to the host tissues. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) is flagella. Flagella are hair-like extensions that help in the locomotion of a microbe. The flagella move with the help of motor proteins, allowing the bacteria to move from one location to another. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) is capsule. The capsule is a diffused glycocalyx present in the gram-negative bacteria. It protects the bacteria from antibiotic effects. The peptidoglycan of cell-wall protects the bacteria from adverse environments. So, it is an incorrect option.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the bacterial cells that are present in the urethra are gram-negative as their surface is covered with pili that help them adhere to the urethral walls.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1TYK

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Bacterial cells can be classified as gram-positive or gram-negative, depending upon the ability to retain the stain. The gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, while the gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan cell-wall. The crosslinking of a peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria helps it retain the crystal violet stain (gram stain). Gram-negative bacteria have a slime layer outside their plasma membrane that is also known as a capsule in certain cases. The human gut and excretory system are often colonized by a huge range of microbiota.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

Pili keep them attached to the urethral walls.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (d) is pili. Pili are the hair-like structures that arise from the cell walls of the bacteria. Pili are mostly present in gram-negative bacteria and help them adhere to a surface like other prokaryotic cells or tissue membranes like the urethral lining in humans. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Explanation for incorrect answer:

Option (a) is sex pili. The sex pili are extended for conjugation, in which the one bacterium exchanges genetic material with another, under adverse conditions. Sex pili do not help in adherence to the host tissues. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) is flagella. Flagella are hair-like extensions that help in the locomotion of a microbe. The flagella move with the help of motor proteins, allowing the bacteria to move from one location to another. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) is capsule. The capsule is a diffused glycocalyx present in the gram-negative bacteria. It protects the bacteria from antibiotic effects. The peptidoglycan of cell-wall protects the bacteria from adverse environments. So, it is an incorrect option.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the bacterial cells that are present in the urethra are gram-negative as their surface is covered with pili that help them adhere to the urethral walls.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1TYK

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Bacterial cells can be classified as gram-positive or gram-negative, depending upon the ability to retain the stain. The gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, while the gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan cell-wall. The crosslinking of a peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria helps it retain the crystal violet stain (gram stain). Gram-negative bacteria have a slime layer outside their plasma membrane that is also known as a capsule in certain cases. The human gut and excretory system are often colonized by a huge range of microbiota.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

Pili keep them attached to the urethral walls.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (d) is pili. Pili are the hair-like structures that arise from the cell walls of the bacteria. Pili are mostly present in gram-negative bacteria and help them adhere to a surface like other prokaryotic cells or tissue membranes like the urethral lining in humans. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Explanation for incorrect answer:

Option (a) is sex pili. The sex pili are extended for conjugation, in which the one bacterium exchanges genetic material with another, under adverse conditions. Sex pili do not help in adherence to the host tissues. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) is flagella. Flagella are hair-like extensions that help in the locomotion of a microbe. The flagella move with the help of motor proteins, allowing the bacteria to move from one location to another. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) is capsule. The capsule is a diffused glycocalyx present in the gram-negative bacteria. It protects the bacteria from antibiotic effects. The peptidoglycan of cell-wall protects the bacteria from adverse environments. So, it is an incorrect option.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the bacterial cells that are present in the urethra are gram-negative as their surface is covered with pili that help them adhere to the urethral walls.

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Answer 5

Chapter 26, Problem 1TYK

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Bacterial cells can be classified as gram-positive or gram-negative, depending upon the ability to retain the stain. The gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, while the gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan cell-wall. The crosslinking of a peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria helps it retain the crystal violet stain (gram stain). Gram-negative bacteria have a slime layer outside their plasma membrane that is also known as a capsule in certain cases. The human gut and excretory system are often colonized by a huge range of microbiota.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

Pili keep them attached to the urethral walls.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (d) is pili. Pili are the hair-like structures that arise from the cell walls of the bacteria. Pili are mostly present in gram-negative bacteria and help them adhere to a surface like other prokaryotic cells or tissue membranes like the urethral lining in humans. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Explanation for incorrect answer:

Option (a) is sex pili. The sex pili are extended for conjugation, in which the one bacterium exchanges genetic material with another, under adverse conditions. Sex pili do not help in adherence to the host tissues. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) is flagella. Flagella are hair-like extensions that help in the locomotion of a microbe. The flagella move with the help of motor proteins, allowing the bacteria to move from one location to another. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) is capsule. The capsule is a diffused glycocalyx present in the gram-negative bacteria. It protects the bacteria from antibiotic effects. The peptidoglycan of cell-wall protects the bacteria from adverse environments. So, it is an incorrect option.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the bacterial cells that are present in the urethra are gram-negative as their surface is covered with pili that help them adhere to the urethral walls.

Answer 6

Chapter 26, Problem 1TYK

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Bacterial cells can be classified as gram-positive or gram-negative, depending upon the ability to retain the stain. The gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, while the gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan cell-wall. The crosslinking of a peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria helps it retain the crystal violet stain (gram stain). Gram-negative bacteria have a slime layer outside their plasma membrane that is also known as a capsule in certain cases. The human gut and excretory system are often colonized by a huge range of microbiota.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

Pili keep them attached to the urethral walls.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (d) is pili. Pili are the hair-like structures that arise from the cell walls of the bacteria. Pili are mostly present in gram-negative bacteria and help them adhere to a surface like other prokaryotic cells or tissue membranes like the urethral lining in humans. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Explanation for incorrect answer:

Option (a) is sex pili. The sex pili are extended for conjugation, in which the one bacterium exchanges genetic material with another, under adverse conditions. Sex pili do not help in adherence to the host tissues. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) is flagella. Flagella are hair-like extensions that help in the locomotion of a microbe. The flagella move with the help of motor proteins, allowing the bacteria to move from one location to another. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) is capsule. The capsule is a diffused glycocalyx present in the gram-negative bacteria. It protects the bacteria from antibiotic effects. The peptidoglycan of cell-wall protects the bacteria from adverse environments. So, it is an incorrect option.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the bacterial cells that are present in the urethra are gram-negative as their surface is covered with pili that help them adhere to the urethral walls.

Answer 7

Chapter 26, Problem 1TYK

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Bacterial cells can be classified as gram-positive or gram-negative, depending upon the ability to retain the stain. The gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, while the gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan cell-wall. The crosslinking of a peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria helps it retain the crystal violet stain (gram stain). Gram-negative bacteria have a slime layer outside their plasma membrane that is also known as a capsule in certain cases. The human gut and excretory system are often colonized by a huge range of microbiota.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

Pili keep them attached to the urethral walls.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (d) is pili. Pili are the hair-like structures that arise from the cell walls of the bacteria. Pili are mostly present in gram-negative bacteria and help them adhere to a surface like other prokaryotic cells or tissue membranes like the urethral lining in humans. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Explanation for incorrect answer:

Option (a) is sex pili. The sex pili are extended for conjugation, in which the one bacterium exchanges genetic material with another, under adverse conditions. Sex pili do not help in adherence to the host tissues. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) is flagella. Flagella are hair-like extensions that help in the locomotion of a microbe. The flagella move with the help of motor proteins, allowing the bacteria to move from one location to another. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) is capsule. The capsule is a diffused glycocalyx present in the gram-negative bacteria. It protects the bacteria from antibiotic effects. The peptidoglycan of cell-wall protects the bacteria from adverse environments. So, it is an incorrect option.

Answer 12

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the bacterial cells that are present in the urethra are gram-negative as their surface is covered with pili that help them adhere to the urethral walls.

Answer 13

Ch. 26.1 - Prob. 1SB Ch. 26.1 - Prob. 2SB Ch. 26.1 - Prob. 3SB Ch. 26.1 - Prob. 4SB Ch. 26.2 - What is a biofilm? Give an example of a biofilm...Ch. 26.2 - Prob. 2SB Ch. 26.2 - Prob. 3SB Ch. 26.3 - Prob. 1SB Ch. 26.3 - Prob. 2SB Ch. 26.3 - Prob. 3SB

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