Data Analysis Activities Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 13.5 and 14.2), so Loss-of-function mutations in this gene affect hair and skin color. A person with two mutated alleles for this gene makes more of the reddish melanin than the brownish melanin, resu.lti.ng in red hair and pale skin. DNA extracted from two Neanderthal fossils contains a mutated MC1R allele that has not yet been found in humans. To see how the Neanderthal mutation affects the function of the MC1R gene, Carles Lalueza-Fox and her team introduced the allele in to cultured monkey cells (FIGURE 26.12) . FIGURE 26.12 MC1R activity . Activity is shown in monkey cells transgenic for an unmutated MC1R gene, the Neanderthal MC1R allele, or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is not related to MC1R . How did MCR1 activity in monkey cells with the mutant allele differ from that in cells with the normal allele?

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1DAA

Data Analysis Activities

Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 13.5 and 14.2), so Loss-of-function mutations in this gene affect hair and skin color. A person with two mutated alleles for this gene makes more of the reddish melanin than the brownish melanin, resu.lti.ng in red hair and pale skin. DNA extracted from two Neanderthal fossils contains a mutated MC1R allele that has not yet been found in humans. To see how the Neanderthal mutation affects the function of the MC1R gene, Carles Lalueza-Fox and her team introduced the allele in to cultured monkey cells (FIGURE 26.12).

Chapter 26, Problem 1DAA, Data Analysis Activities Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans

FIGURE 26.12 MC1Ractivity. Activity is shown in monkey cells transgenic for an unmutated MC1R gene, the Neanderthal MC1R allele, or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is not related to MC1R.

How did MCR1 activity in monkey cells with the mutant allele differ from that in cells with the normal allele?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way in which the MC1R activity in the monkey cells with the mutant allele differs from that in cells with the normal allele.

Introduction: Neanderthals are extinct hominins that are the closest relatives of Homo sapiens and habituated to the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. The pigmentation in humans is regulated by MC1R. The loss of function mutation in the MC1R gene, in turn, affects the skin and hair color. The homozygous mutation of the gene results in red hair and pale skin phenotypes.

Explanation of Solution

Scientist C and her team worked on MC1R mutated form that was present only in the Neanderthals. The team incorporated the allele from Neanderthal into cultured monkey cells.

Based on the results from the experiment, a graph was plotted with the concentration of the hormone that stimulates MC1R in the X-axis and the activity of MC1R in the Y-axis. Three scatter plots were plotted: one for green fluorescent protein (GFP), one for Neanderthal MC1R allele, and one for unmutated human MC1R allele. The activity of MC1R was very high in the transgenic monkey cells when compared to the normal allele.

Conclusion

The MC1R activity in the monkey cells with the mutant allele was much greater than the cells that had a normal allele for MC1R.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1DAA

Data Analysis Activities

Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 13.5 and 14.2), so Loss-of-function mutations in this gene affect hair and skin color. A person with two mutated alleles for this gene makes more of the reddish melanin than the brownish melanin, resu.lti.ng in red hair and pale skin. DNA extracted from two Neanderthal fossils contains a mutated MC1R allele that has not yet been found in humans. To see how the Neanderthal mutation affects the function of the MC1R gene, Carles Lalueza-Fox and her team introduced the allele in to cultured monkey cells (FIGURE 26.12).

Chapter 26, Problem 1DAA, Data Analysis Activities Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans

FIGURE 26.12 MC1Ractivity. Activity is shown in monkey cells transgenic for an unmutated MC1R gene, the Neanderthal MC1R allele, or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is not related to MC1R.

How did MCR1 activity in monkey cells with the mutant allele differ from that in cells with the normal allele?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way in which the MC1R activity in the monkey cells with the mutant allele differs from that in cells with the normal allele.

Introduction: Neanderthals are extinct hominins that are the closest relatives of Homo sapiens and habituated to the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. The pigmentation in humans is regulated by MC1R. The loss of function mutation in the MC1R gene, in turn, affects the skin and hair color. The homozygous mutation of the gene results in red hair and pale skin phenotypes.

Explanation of Solution

Scientist C and her team worked on MC1R mutated form that was present only in the Neanderthals. The team incorporated the allele from Neanderthal into cultured monkey cells.

Based on the results from the experiment, a graph was plotted with the concentration of the hormone that stimulates MC1R in the X-axis and the activity of MC1R in the Y-axis. Three scatter plots were plotted: one for green fluorescent protein (GFP), one for Neanderthal MC1R allele, and one for unmutated human MC1R allele. The activity of MC1R was very high in the transgenic monkey cells when compared to the normal allele.

Conclusion

The MC1R activity in the monkey cells with the mutant allele was much greater than the cells that had a normal allele for MC1R.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1DAA

Data Analysis Activities

Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 13.5 and 14.2), so Loss-of-function mutations in this gene affect hair and skin color. A person with two mutated alleles for this gene makes more of the reddish melanin than the brownish melanin, resu.lti.ng in red hair and pale skin. DNA extracted from two Neanderthal fossils contains a mutated MC1R allele that has not yet been found in humans. To see how the Neanderthal mutation affects the function of the MC1R gene, Carles Lalueza-Fox and her team introduced the allele in to cultured monkey cells (FIGURE 26.12).

Chapter 26, Problem 1DAA, Data Analysis Activities Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans

FIGURE 26.12 MC1Ractivity. Activity is shown in monkey cells transgenic for an unmutated MC1R gene, the Neanderthal MC1R allele, or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is not related to MC1R.

How did MCR1 activity in monkey cells with the mutant allele differ from that in cells with the normal allele?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way in which the MC1R activity in the monkey cells with the mutant allele differs from that in cells with the normal allele.

Introduction: Neanderthals are extinct hominins that are the closest relatives of Homo sapiens and habituated to the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. The pigmentation in humans is regulated by MC1R. The loss of function mutation in the MC1R gene, in turn, affects the skin and hair color. The homozygous mutation of the gene results in red hair and pale skin phenotypes.

Explanation of Solution

Scientist C and her team worked on MC1R mutated form that was present only in the Neanderthals. The team incorporated the allele from Neanderthal into cultured monkey cells.

Based on the results from the experiment, a graph was plotted with the concentration of the hormone that stimulates MC1R in the X-axis and the activity of MC1R in the Y-axis. Three scatter plots were plotted: one for green fluorescent protein (GFP), one for Neanderthal MC1R allele, and one for unmutated human MC1R allele. The activity of MC1R was very high in the transgenic monkey cells when compared to the normal allele.

Conclusion

The MC1R activity in the monkey cells with the mutant allele was much greater than the cells that had a normal allele for MC1R.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1DAA

Data Analysis Activities

Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 13.5 and 14.2), so Loss-of-function mutations in this gene affect hair and skin color. A person with two mutated alleles for this gene makes more of the reddish melanin than the brownish melanin, resu.lti.ng in red hair and pale skin. DNA extracted from two Neanderthal fossils contains a mutated MC1R allele that has not yet been found in humans. To see how the Neanderthal mutation affects the function of the MC1R gene, Carles Lalueza-Fox and her team introduced the allele in to cultured monkey cells (FIGURE 26.12).

Chapter 26, Problem 1DAA, Data Analysis Activities Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans

FIGURE 26.12 MC1Ractivity. Activity is shown in monkey cells transgenic for an unmutated MC1R gene, the Neanderthal MC1R allele, or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is not related to MC1R.

How did MCR1 activity in monkey cells with the mutant allele differ from that in cells with the normal allele?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way in which the MC1R activity in the monkey cells with the mutant allele differs from that in cells with the normal allele.

Introduction: Neanderthals are extinct hominins that are the closest relatives of Homo sapiens and habituated to the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. The pigmentation in humans is regulated by MC1R. The loss of function mutation in the MC1R gene, in turn, affects the skin and hair color. The homozygous mutation of the gene results in red hair and pale skin phenotypes.

Explanation of Solution

Scientist C and her team worked on MC1R mutated form that was present only in the Neanderthals. The team incorporated the allele from Neanderthal into cultured monkey cells.

Based on the results from the experiment, a graph was plotted with the concentration of the hormone that stimulates MC1R in the X-axis and the activity of MC1R in the Y-axis. Three scatter plots were plotted: one for green fluorescent protein (GFP), one for Neanderthal MC1R allele, and one for unmutated human MC1R allele. The activity of MC1R was very high in the transgenic monkey cells when compared to the normal allele.

Conclusion

The MC1R activity in the monkey cells with the mutant allele was much greater than the cells that had a normal allele for MC1R.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way in which the MC1R activity in the monkey cells with the mutant allele differs from that in cells with the normal allele.

Introduction: Neanderthals are extinct hominins that are the closest relatives of Homo sapiens and habituated to the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. The pigmentation in humans is regulated by MC1R. The loss of function mutation in the MC1R gene, in turn, affects the skin and hair color. The homozygous mutation of the gene results in red hair and pale skin phenotypes.

Explanation of Solution

Scientist C and her team worked on MC1R mutated form that was present only in the Neanderthals. The team incorporated the allele from Neanderthal into cultured monkey cells.

Based on the results from the experiment, a graph was plotted with the concentration of the hormone that stimulates MC1R in the X-axis and the activity of MC1R in the Y-axis. Three scatter plots were plotted: one for green fluorescent protein (GFP), one for Neanderthal MC1R allele, and one for unmutated human MC1R allele. The activity of MC1R was very high in the transgenic monkey cells when compared to the normal allele.

Conclusion

The MC1R activity in the monkey cells with the mutant allele was much greater than the cells that had a normal allele for MC1R.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way in which the MC1R activity in the monkey cells with the mutant allele differs from that in cells with the normal allele.

Introduction: Neanderthals are extinct hominins that are the closest relatives of Homo sapiens and habituated to the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. The pigmentation in humans is regulated by MC1R. The loss of function mutation in the MC1R gene, in turn, affects the skin and hair color. The homozygous mutation of the gene results in red hair and pale skin phenotypes.

Explanation of Solution

Scientist C and her team worked on MC1R mutated form that was present only in the Neanderthals. The team incorporated the allele from Neanderthal into cultured monkey cells.

Based on the results from the experiment, a graph was plotted with the concentration of the hormone that stimulates MC1R in the X-axis and the activity of MC1R in the Y-axis. Three scatter plots were plotted: one for green fluorescent protein (GFP), one for Neanderthal MC1R allele, and one for unmutated human MC1R allele. The activity of MC1R was very high in the transgenic monkey cells when compared to the normal allele.

Conclusion

The MC1R activity in the monkey cells with the mutant allele was much greater than the cells that had a normal allele for MC1R.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way in which the MC1R activity in the monkey cells with the mutant allele differs from that in cells with the normal allele.

Introduction: Neanderthals are extinct hominins that are the closest relatives of Homo sapiens and habituated to the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. The pigmentation in humans is regulated by MC1R. The loss of function mutation in the MC1R gene, in turn, affects the skin and hair color. The homozygous mutation of the gene results in red hair and pale skin phenotypes.

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

Scientist C and her team worked on MC1R mutated form that was present only in the Neanderthals. The team incorporated the allele from Neanderthal into cultured monkey cells.

Based on the results from the experiment, a graph was plotted with the concentration of the hormone that stimulates MC1R in the X-axis and the activity of MC1R in the Y-axis. Three scatter plots were plotted: one for green fluorescent protein (GFP), one for Neanderthal MC1R allele, and one for unmutated human MC1R allele. The activity of MC1R was very high in the transgenic monkey cells when compared to the normal allele.