Concept explainers
a)
Interpretation:
For given reaction, the type of reaction has to be classified.
Concept Introduction:
Oxidation:
In a reaction, the loss of electrons from an element or addition of oxygen for an element is known as oxidation reaction.
Reduction:
In a reaction, the gain of electrons from an element or addition of hydrogen is known as reduction reaction.
Transamination:
In order to from new amino acids, the transfer of an amino acid to a ketoacid in a
Elimination reaction:
The types of organic reaction where the substituents are removed from the molecule in single step are double step mechanism is known as elimination reaction.
Addition reaction:
The reaction in which molecules combine together to form a larger molecule with no other extra products
b)
Interpretation:
For given reaction, the type of reaction has to be classified.
Concept Introduction:
Oxidation:
In a reaction, the loss of electrons from an element or addition of oxygen for an element is known as oxidation reaction.
Reduction:
In a reaction, the gain of electrons from an element or addition of hydrogen is known as reduction reaction.
Transamination:
In order to from new amino acids, the transfer of an amino acid to a ketoacid in a chemical reaction is known as transamination.
Elimination reaction:
The types of organic reaction where the substituents are removed from the molecule in single step are double step mechanism is known as elimination reaction.
Addition reaction:
The reaction in which molecules combine together to form a larger molecule with no other extra products
c)
Interpretation:
For given reaction, the type of reaction has to be classified.
Concept Introduction:
Oxidation:
In a reaction, the loss of electrons from an element or addition of oxygen for an element is known as oxidation reaction.
Reduction:
In a reaction, the gain of electrons from an element or addition of hydrogen is known as reduction reaction.
Transamination:
In order to from new amino acids, the transfer of an amino acid to a ketoacid in a chemical reaction is known as transamination.
Elimination reaction:
The types of organic reaction where the substituents are removed from the molecule in single step are double step mechanism is known as elimination reaction.
Addition reaction:
The reaction in which molecules combine together to form a larger molecule with no other extra products
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 25 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
- The PDH complex is a logical point of regulation in metabolism, as it links two major catabolic processes. Answer the following regarding the complex: a) Explain the advantage of E1, E2 and E3 working as a complex as opposed to separately. b) Explain the purpose of each of the three enzymes and their associated cofactors. c) NADH can inhibit the PDH complex directly or indirectly. What is the purpose of inhibition by NADH? d) Explain the differences between direct and indirect inhibition by NADH. Be sure to indicate the components involved and the mechanism of inhibition (impact on target component).arrow_forwardBeginning with the 1st tetrahedral intermediate, show the complete steps in chymotrypsin mechanism that occurs to form the 2nd chymotrypsin intermediate in the chymotrypsin active site. The substrate for chymotrypsin to be used is Ala-Tyr-Gly. Further, name the amino acid(s) that would be released as a result of the reactions you'd illustrated above.arrow_forwardSelect the following enzymes that utlize a mechanism involving covalent catalysis. Select ALL that apply: a) aldolase class 1 b) glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase c) aldolase class 2 d) triose phosphate isomerase e) hexokinasearrow_forward
- Which of the following is a true statement regarding sphingolipid synthesis? (A) The first step in sphingolipid synthesis is the condensation of palmitoyl CoA with aspartate to form b-ketosphinganine.(B) This process requires the reduction of a ketone that uses NADH as the reducing agent.(C) A fatty acid is attached to dihydrosphingosine to form dihydroceramide. (D) FAD is using as an oxidizing agent to remove a double bond from dihydroceramide.(E) The formation of sphingomyelin requires the attachment of a glucose or galactose molecule to ceramide.arrow_forwardIf you were to determine the P/O ratio for oxidation of a-ketoglu- tarate, you would probably include some malonate in your reaction system. Why? Under these conditions, what P/O ratio would you expect to observe?arrow_forwardcreate a detailed flow chart or diagram that will illustrate all the important features of the glycolytic pathway. I want you to place in your flow chart or diagram the following important information like: 1. the reactants and products of each step, 2. enzymes involved in each step, 3. important by-products generated in some steps, 4. type of the reaction of each step, 5. and the outline of the two stages of the pathway. Also, discuss briefly (4 sentences) how Galactose and Fructose enter the glycolytic pathway.arrow_forward
- The immediate precursor to acetyl–CoA from glycolysis is pyruvate.a) Write the pathway (not the mechanism) for the series of steps for this conversion. Includestructures for all coenzymes and reactants for each step.b) Discuss the mechanistic advantages offered by this multienzyme complex. Be specific and giveexamples.c) The last step of the reaction, catalyzed by enzyme 3, includes three coenzymes and oxidation.Write the mechanism for this enzyme.arrow_forwardUDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes bind the organic compound UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GA) in order to catalyse the transfer of a glucuronic acid group from UDP-GA to a drug molecule, releasing UDP from the active site as a product. UDP is then regenerated by the activity of another enzyme. What terms could be used to describe UDP-GA?arrow_forwardWhich folate structure (from the list below)(a) is the substrate for the enzyme that is inhibited by methotrexate andtrimethoprim?(b) has the most highly oxidized one-carbon substituent?(c) is used in the conversion of serine to glycine?(d) transfers its one-carbon substituent to a B12 coenzyme? What amino acid is synthesized as the end result of this reaction?(e) is the coenzyme for the thymidylate synthase reaction?(f) is not known to exist in nature?(g) is used in purine nucleotide synthesis?arrow_forward
- Determine whether the following reactions will be spontaneous under standard biochemical conditions. Include calculations for Delta G in your answer. Use Table 13-7 in your textbook to help you.a) 2NADH + 2H+ + O2 --> 2NAD+ + 2H2Ob) Malate + FAD --> Oxaloacetate + FADH2c) Pyruvate + H2S --> Lactate + Sarrow_forwardA common procedure for determining the effectiveness of compounds as precursors of glucose in mammals is to starve the animal until the liverglycogen stores are depleted and then administer the compound in question. A substrate that leads to a net increase in liver glycogen is termed glucogenic, because it must first be converted to glucose 6-phosphate. Show by means of known enzymatic reactions which of the following substances are glucogenic.arrow_forwardWhat is the physiological significance of the isozymic forms of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)? Explain briefly.arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781319114671Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.Publisher:W. H. FreemanLehninger Principles of BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781464126116Author:David L. Nelson, Michael M. CoxPublisher:W. H. FreemanFundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecul...BiochemistryISBN:9781118918401Author:Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W. PrattPublisher:WILEY
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305961135Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougalPublisher:Cengage LearningBiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage LearningFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ...BiochemistryISBN:9780134015187Author:John E. McMurry, David S. Ballantine, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. PetersonPublisher:PEARSON