Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781133939146
Author: Katz, Debora M.
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 25, Problem 21PQ
The colored regions in Figure P25.21 represent four three-dimensional Gaussian surfaces A through D. The regions may also contain three charged particles, with qA + +5.00 nC, qB = −5.00 nC, and qC = +8.00 nC, that are nearby as shown. What is the electric flux through each of the four surfaces?
FIGURE P25.21
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Question B3
Consider the following FLRW spacetime:
t2
ds² = -dt² +
(dx²
+ dy²+ dz²),
t2
where t is a constant.
a)
State whether this universe is spatially open, closed or flat.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Hubble factor H(t), and represent it in a (roughly drawn) plot as a function
of time t, starting at t = 0.
[3 marks]
c) Taking galaxy A to be located at (x, y, z) = (0,0,0), determine the proper distance to galaxy
B located at (x, y, z) = (L, 0, 0). Determine the recessional velocity of galaxy B with respect
to galaxy A.
d) The Friedmann equations are
2
k
8πG
а
4πG
+
a²
(p+3p).
3
a
3
[5 marks]
Use these equations to determine the energy density p(t) and the pressure p(t) for the
FLRW spacetime specified at the top of the page.
[5 marks]
e) Given the result of question B3.d, state whether the FLRW universe in question is (i)
radiation-dominated, (ii) matter-dominated, (iii) cosmological-constant-dominated, or (iv)
none of the previous. Justify your answer.
f)
[5 marks]
A conformally…
SECTION B
Answer ONLY TWO questions in Section B
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-B sub question.]
Question B1
Consider the line element
where w is a constant.
ds²=-dt²+e2wt dx²,
a) Determine the components of the metric and of the inverse metric.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Christoffel symbols. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[10 marks]
c)
Write down the geodesic equations.
[5 marks]
d) Show that e2wt it is a constant of geodesic motion.
[4 marks]
e)
Solve the geodesic equations for null geodesics.
[4 marks]
Page 2
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in Section A
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-A sub question.]
Question A1
SPA6308 (2024)
Consider Minkowski spacetime in Cartesian coordinates th
=
(t, x, y, z), such that
ds² = dt² + dx² + dy² + dz².
(a) Consider the vector with components V" = (1,-1,0,0). Determine V and V. V.
(b) Consider now the coordinate system x' (u, v, y, z) such that
u =t-x,
v=t+x.
[2 marks]
Write down the line element, the metric, the Christoffel symbols and the Riemann curvature
tensor in the new coordinates. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[5 marks]
(c) Determine V", that is, write the object in question A1.a in the coordinate system x'. Verify
explicitly that V. V is invariant under the coordinate transformation.
Question A2
[5 marks]
Suppose that A, is a covector field, and consider the object
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(a) Show explicitly that F is a tensor, that is, show that it transforms appropriately under a
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[5 marks]
(b)…
Chapter 25 Solutions
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections
Ch. 25.1 - a. List all the uppercase letters that have the...Ch. 25.2 - The terms electric force, electric field, and...Ch. 25.2 - Prob. 25.3CECh. 25.3 - Which of the following expressions are correct...Ch. 25.3 - Find the electric flux through the three Gaussian...Ch. 25.4 - Prob. 25.6CECh. 25.7 - Is it possible for the charged solid sphere in...Ch. 25 - Which word or name has the same symmetry as the...Ch. 25 - Prob. 2PQCh. 25 - Prob. 3PQ
Ch. 25 - Prob. 4PQCh. 25 - Prob. 5PQCh. 25 - Prob. 6PQCh. 25 - A positively charged sphere and a negatively...Ch. 25 - A circular hoop of radius 0.50 m is immersed in a...Ch. 25 - Prob. 9PQCh. 25 - If the hemisphere (surface C) in Figure 25.10...Ch. 25 - A Ping-Pong paddle with surface area 3.80 102 m2...Ch. 25 - Prob. 12PQCh. 25 - A pyramid has a square base with an area of 4.00...Ch. 25 - Prob. 14PQCh. 25 - Prob. 15PQCh. 25 - A circular loop with radius r is rotating with...Ch. 25 - A circular loop with radius r is rotating with...Ch. 25 - Prob. 18PQCh. 25 - What is the net electric flux through each of the...Ch. 25 - Prob. 20PQCh. 25 - The colored regions in Figure P25.21 represent...Ch. 25 - Prob. 22PQCh. 25 - Prob. 23PQCh. 25 - Three particles and three Gaussian surfaces are...Ch. 25 - A Using Gausss law, find the electric flux through...Ch. 25 - Three point charges q1 = 2.0 nC, q2 = 4.0 nC, and...Ch. 25 - Prob. 27PQCh. 25 - A very long, thin wire fixed along the x axis has...Ch. 25 - Figure P25.29 shows a wry long tube of inner...Ch. 25 - Two very long, thin, charged rods lie in the same...Ch. 25 - Prob. 31PQCh. 25 - Two long, thin rods each have linear charge...Ch. 25 - Figure P25.33 shows a very long, thick rod with...Ch. 25 - A very long line of charge with a linear charge...Ch. 25 - Two infinitely long, parallel lines of charge with...Ch. 25 - An infinitely long wire with uniform linear charge...Ch. 25 - Prob. 37PQCh. 25 - Prob. 38PQCh. 25 - Prob. 39PQCh. 25 - Prob. 40PQCh. 25 - Two uniform spherical charge distributions (Fig....Ch. 25 - FIGURE P25.41 Problems 41 and 42. Two uniform...Ch. 25 - The nonuniform charge density of a solid...Ch. 25 - Prob. 44PQCh. 25 - What is the magnitude of the electric field just...Ch. 25 - Prob. 46PQCh. 25 - The infinite sheets in Figure P25.47 are both...Ch. 25 - Prob. 48PQCh. 25 - Prob. 49PQCh. 25 - Prob. 50PQCh. 25 - A very large, flat slab has uniform volume charge...Ch. 25 - FIGURE P25.41 Problems 51 and 52. Find the surface...Ch. 25 - Prob. 53PQCh. 25 - Prob. 54PQCh. 25 - If the magnitude of the surface charge density of...Ch. 25 - A spherical conducting shell with a radius of...Ch. 25 - A charged rod is placed in the center along the...Ch. 25 - A charged rod is placed in the center along the...Ch. 25 - A thick spherical conducting shell with an inner...Ch. 25 - A thick spherical conducting shell with an inner...Ch. 25 - A rectangular plate with sides 0.60 m and 0.40 m...Ch. 25 - Prob. 62PQCh. 25 - Prob. 63PQCh. 25 - A uniform spherical charge distribution has a...Ch. 25 - A rectangular surface extends from x = 0 to x =...Ch. 25 - A uniform electric field E = 1.57 104 N/C passes...Ch. 25 - A solid plastic sphere of radius R1 = 8.00 cm is...Ch. 25 - Examine the summary on page 780. Why are...Ch. 25 - Prob. 69PQCh. 25 - Prob. 70PQCh. 25 - Prob. 71PQCh. 25 - A coaxial cable is formed by a long, straight wire...Ch. 25 - Prob. 73PQCh. 25 - Prob. 74PQCh. 25 - A solid sphere of radius R has a spherically...Ch. 25 - A solid sphere of radius R has a spherically...Ch. 25 - A very large, horizontal conducting square plate...Ch. 25 - Prob. 78PQCh. 25 - A particle with charge q = 7.20 C is surrounded by...Ch. 25 - A sphere with radius R has a charge density given...
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