(a) Interpretation: The stepwise mechanism for the reaction of ethyl hexa-2, 4-dienoate with diethyl oxalate in the presence of base is to be drawn. Concept introduction: Claisen condensation takes place between two esters or between an ester and a ketone . In crossed Claisen condensation reaction, a base abstracts an acidic proton from an α carbon atom of carbonyl compound to form an enolate. This enolate reacts with carbonyl group of other carbonyl compounds that lead to the formation of β -ketoester.

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PROBLEM 5+ What is the major product of each of the following reactions? a. CH3CH2CHCH3 + HBr d. + HBr A OH OH CH3 CH3 e. b. -OH + HCI + HCl A, OH CH3 OH CH3 c. CH3C CHCH3 + HBr CH3 OH f. CHCH3 + HCl ^>

Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 24, Problem 24.59P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The stepwise mechanism for the reaction of ethyl hexa-2, 4-dienoate with diethyl oxalate in the presence of base is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Claisen condensation takes place between two esters or between an ester and a ketone. In crossed Claisen condensation reaction, a base abstracts an acidic proton from an α carbon atom of carbonyl compound to form an enolate. This enolate reacts with carbonyl group of other carbonyl compounds that lead to the formation of β-ketoester.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: An explanation regarding the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond on C6 with the help of mechanism is to be stated.

Concept introduction: Claisen condensation takes place between two esters or between an ester and a ketone. In crossed Claisen condensation reaction, a base abstracts an acidic proton from an α carbon atom of carbonyl compound to form an enolate. This enolate reacts with carbonyl group of other carbonyl compounds that lead to the formation of β-ketoester.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The reason as to why the given reaction is an example of a crossed Claisen reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction: Claisen condensation takes place between two esters or between an ester and a ketone. In crossed Claisen condensation reaction, a base abstracts an acidic proton from an α carbon atom of carbonyl compound to form an enolate. This enolate reacts with carbonyl group of other carbonyl compounds that lead to the formation of β-ketoester.

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PROBLEM 5+ What is the major product of each of the following reactions? a. CH3CH2CHCH3 + HBr d. + HBr A OH OH CH3 CH3 e. b. -OH + HCI + HCl A, OH CH3 OH CH3 c. CH3C CHCH3 + HBr CH3 OH f. CHCH3 + HCl ^>

One suggestion for solving the fuel shortage due to decreasing volumes of fossil fuels are hydrogen / oxygen fuel cells. a. State the two half-cell reaction equations for such fuel cells. Calculate the cell potential as well as the electrical work gained by this fuel cell at standard conditions with E002/H20 = 1.229 V. b. Compare the fuel cell to the Gibbs free energy of the combustion reaction of n-octane at standard conditions. Use ASºm, n-Oct., 1 = 361.2 J/mol K.

a. Determine the electrochemical potential of the following cell using E°Mg2+/Mg = -2.362 V. Mg | Mg2+ (a=104) || H* (a = 4) | H2 (p = 0.5 bar) | Pt b. A galvanic chain consists of Co²+ / Co and Ag+ / Ag half-cells with EºCo²+/Co = -0.282 V and Eº Ag+/Ag = 0.799 V. Determine which half-cell will be reduced and which one will be oxidised. Furthermore, calculate the electrochemical potential as well as the equilibrium constant of the whole cell at i. [Co²+] = 0.1 M and [Ag+] = 0.5 M ii. [Co²+] = 0.001 M and [Ag*] = 1.5 M

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 24, Problem 24.59P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The stepwise mechanism for the reaction of ethyl hexa-2, 4-dienoate with diethyl oxalate in the presence of base is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Claisen condensation takes place between two esters or between an ester and a ketone. In crossed Claisen condensation reaction, a base abstracts an acidic proton from an α carbon atom of carbonyl compound to form an enolate. This enolate reacts with carbonyl group of other carbonyl compounds that lead to the formation of β-ketoester.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: An explanation regarding the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond on C6 with the help of mechanism is to be stated.

Concept introduction: Claisen condensation takes place between two esters or between an ester and a ketone. In crossed Claisen condensation reaction, a base abstracts an acidic proton from an α carbon atom of carbonyl compound to form an enolate. This enolate reacts with carbonyl group of other carbonyl compounds that lead to the formation of β-ketoester.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The reason as to why the given reaction is an example of a crossed Claisen reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction: Claisen condensation takes place between two esters or between an ester and a ketone. In crossed Claisen condensation reaction, a base abstracts an acidic proton from an α carbon atom of carbonyl compound to form an enolate. This enolate reacts with carbonyl group of other carbonyl compounds that lead to the formation of β-ketoester.

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 24, Problem 24.59P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The stepwise mechanism for the reaction of ethyl hexa-2, 4-dienoate with diethyl oxalate in the presence of base is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Claisen condensation takes place between two esters or between an ester and a ketone. In crossed Claisen condensation reaction, a base abstracts an acidic proton from an α carbon atom of carbonyl compound to form an enolate. This enolate reacts with carbonyl group of other carbonyl compounds that lead to the formation of β-ketoester.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: An explanation regarding the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond on C6 with the help of mechanism is to be stated.

Concept introduction: Claisen condensation takes place between two esters or between an ester and a ketone. In crossed Claisen condensation reaction, a base abstracts an acidic proton from an α carbon atom of carbonyl compound to form an enolate. This enolate reacts with carbonyl group of other carbonyl compounds that lead to the formation of β-ketoester.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The reason as to why the given reaction is an example of a crossed Claisen reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction: Claisen condensation takes place between two esters or between an ester and a ketone. In crossed Claisen condensation reaction, a base abstracts an acidic proton from an α carbon atom of carbonyl compound to form an enolate. This enolate reacts with carbonyl group of other carbonyl compounds that lead to the formation of β-ketoester.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 24, Problem 24.59P

Interpretation Introduction