To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor. Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms. Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone. In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6 − phosphate . In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD + . This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation. Niacin ( as NADH, NAD + ) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid ( as CoA ) , biotin, and vitamin B 6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 24, Problem 24.118EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin biotin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin folate is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate vitamin B12 is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 24, Problem 24.118EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin biotin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin folate is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate vitamin B12 is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 24, Problem 24.118EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin biotin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin folate is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate vitamin B12 is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 24, Problem 24.118EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin biotin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin folate is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate vitamin B12 is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

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Answer 5

Chapter 24, Problem 24.118EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin biotin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin folate is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate vitamin B12 is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Answer 6

Chapter 24, Problem 24.118EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

Answer 7

Chapter 24, Problem 24.118EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin biotin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin biotin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin folate is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin folate is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate vitamin B12 is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate vitamin B12 is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 24.1 - The primary site within the human body where...Ch. 24.1 - What is the first site within the human body where...Ch. 24.1 - What effect does gastric juice in the stomach have...Ch. 24.1 - Prob. 4QQ Ch. 24.1 - Which of the following substances is needed for...Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 4QQ Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 5QQ

Solution Summary: The author explains that B vitamin niacin is needed as a cofactor in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis.

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Chapter 24 Solutions