BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781264839698
Author: Raven
Publisher: MCG CUSTOM
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Chapter 23.2, Problem 1LO
Summary Introduction
To determine: The difference between ancestral and derived similarities.
Introduction: The similarities and differences among the different groups of organisms are used to classify or categorize the species in different groups. The species are classified in different clades according to the similarity.
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In the table below is a short gene sequence in 4 closely related taxa and an outgroup.
Based on comparisons of this DNA sequence, determine the placement of these four taxa in the phylogenetic tree below. Clearly identify the taxon (P, Q, R, or S) that corresponds to each branch tip (1, 2, 3, or 4).
Based on your constructed tree, is Species P more closely related to Species Q or Species S? Justify your answer.
How are shared ancestral characters and shared derived characters different? How is the concept of homology related to these concepts?
Phylogenetic trees are constructed based on
Group of answer choices
a. shared ancestral characters
b. vestigial characters
c. homoplastic characters
d. cartoon characters
e. shared derived characters
f. shady characters
Chapter 23 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.2 - Demonstrate how a cladogram is constructed.Ch. 23.3 - Explain the taxonomic classification system.Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.3 - Prob. 3LOCh. 23.4 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23.4 - Prob. 2LO
Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 23.5 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23 - Construct a data matrix like the one in figure...Ch. 23 - Prob. 1IQCh. 23 - Prob. 2IQCh. 23 - Prob. 3IQCh. 23 - Prob. 4IQCh. 23 - Overall similarity of phenotypes may not always...Ch. 23 - a. is based on overall similarity of phenotypes....Ch. 23 - The principle of parsimony a. helps evolutionary...Ch. 23 - Parsimony suggests that parental care in birds,...Ch. 23 - The forelimb of a bird and the forelimb of a...Ch. 23 - In order to determine polarity for different...Ch. 23 - In a paraphyletic group a. all species are more...Ch. 23 - A paraphyletic group includes a. an ancestor and...Ch. 23 - Prob. 9UCh. 23 - A taxonomic group that contains species that have...Ch. 23 - Rapid rates of character change relative to the...Ch. 23 - Species recognized by the phylogenetic species...Ch. 23 - Prob. 1SCh. 23 - Identifying outgroups is a central component of...Ch. 23 - As noted in your reading, cladistics is a widely...Ch. 23 - Across many species of limpets, loss of larval...Ch. 23 - Birds, pterosaurs (a type of flying reptile that...Ch. 23 - AID:1825 | 10/04/2018 6. In what sense does the...
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- How does outgroup comparison facilitate the identification of ancestral and derived character states?arrow_forwardReferring to the phylogenetic tree shown above, answer the following questions: 1. How many OTUs are included in the phylogenetic analysis? 2. How many clades are there? 3. What is an autapomorphic trait of the domestic cat? Explain why? 4. What is the shared derived trait (synapomorphy) in the Family Felidae? Explain why?arrow_forwardExplain the following phrase: Degrees of molecular similarity correlate to degrees of species relatedness.arrow_forward
- What is the difference between a phylogenetic tree and a cladogram? What the difference between "homologous traits" and "analogous traits"? What is the difference between "ancestral traits" and "derived traits"?arrow_forwardThe table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A “0” indicates the ancestral condition, and a “1” indicates the derived condition. 1. Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group? 2. Which species has the fewest number of derived characters?arrow_forwardWhat is the phylogenetic definition of a species? A) A group of individuals that can breed and produce viable offspring B) A group of interbreeding individuals that share the same environment C) A group of individuals that share a common ancestorarrow_forward
- What types of information are used to hypothesize how species arerelated to one another by descent from a shared ancestor? Give anexample of how multiple types of evidence can support one another.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true regarding vestigial traits? A) They represent transitional character states for example between the presence or absence of a feature. B) They help to support proposed phylogenetic placement. C) They are likely present because there is no fitness cost to their retention or because they are in the process of being removed due to light selective pressure. D) All of the above. E) None of the above.arrow_forwardConsider the following sample dataset of character traits for five taxa (A, B, C, D, and E) and an outgroup (O) and answer the following: Taxon, Character 1 A B C D 1 1 1 0 0 Character 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 Character 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 Character 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 (A) Identify which character traits are ancestral and which are derived, (B) Determine the two taxa most closely related to each other (C) Are any of the character traits obvious homoplasies? If so, which ones? (D) Name three taxa that if put in their own taxonomic group would be considered paraphyletic.arrow_forward
- Draw a phylogenetic tree based on characters 1-5 in the table below. Place hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. Assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species and redraw the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. How many evolutionary changes are required in each tree? Which tree is most parsimonious? Character Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Tuna Salamander Turtle Leopard Dolphin 1. Backbone 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2. Hinged Jaw 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3. Four Limbs 0 0 0 1 1 1 1* 4. Amnion 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 5. Milk 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6. Dorsal fin 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 *Dolphins have 4 limbs (2 fins and 2 hind limb buds as embryos)arrow_forwardWhich specific type of character state is most useful in constructing a phylogenetic tree? options: shared derived state ancestral state uniquely derived state derived statearrow_forwardHow, specifically, is the concept of ALLOMETRY relevant to the phylogenetic position of Homo floresiensis? Because if allometry explains the anatomy of Homo floresiensis then we can conclude that it is not separate species but instead a member of our species. Although most mammals on islands go through a process of getting smaller, Homo floresiensis evolved from a smaller ancestor to be bigger, meaning that allometry is an important factor. Mutations in the allometry allele are associated with many of the characteristics of Homo floresiensis. Because Homo floresiensis is so much smaller than other members of the genus Homo, it is important to determine how shape changes associated with smaller size impacted the species. Because Homo floresiensis had both small- and large-bodied forms, variation within the species is in large part dictated by allometry.arrow_forward
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