Chapter 23, Problem 58PS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The approximate value for the $\text{O - C - O}$ bond angle has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the mixing of valence atomic orbitals to get equivalent hybridized orbitals that having similar characteristics and energy.

Geometry of a molecule can be predicted by knowing its hybridization.

${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and three p-orbital. It has tetrahedral geometry

${\text{sp}}^2$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization between one s-orbital and two p-orbitals. It has trigonal-planar geometry

$\text{sp }$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and single p-orbital. It has linear geometry

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The bond angles for the four $\text{-OH}$ groups have to be estimated.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the mixing of valence atomic orbitals to get equivalent hybridized orbitals that having similar characteristics and energy.

Geometry of a molecule can be predicted by knowing its hybridization.

${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and three p-orbital. It has tetrahedral geometry

${\text{sp}}^2$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization between one s-orbital and two p-orbitals. It has trigonal-planar geometry

$\text{sp }$ hybrid orbitals is produced by hybridization of single s-orbital and single p-orbital. It has linear geometry

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The chiral carbon in the molecule has to be determined

Concept introduction:

A chiral carbon is the carbon atom which is substituted to four different groups. Due to presence of chiral carbon a molecule become chiral and it gives optical isomers also that is $R\text{ and }S$ isomers. For example,

  

All the substituents are different hence is is a chiral carbon and so molecule.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The shortest bond in the molecule has to be determined

Concept introduction:

Bond order: It is the measure of number of electron pairs shared between two atoms.

$\text{Bond}\text{order}\text{=}\frac{\text{1}}{\text{2}}\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{Number}\text{of}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{bondoing}\text{MOs-}\\ \text{Number}\text{of}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{antibonding}\text{MOs}\end{array}\right)$

Bond length is inversely proportional to the bond order.

A higher bond order results in a shorter bond for a given pair of atoms.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The functional group in the molecule has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

A chiral carbon is the carbon atom which is substituted to four different groups. Due to presence of chiral carbon a molecule become chiral and it gives optical isomers also that is $R\text{ and }S$ isomers. For example,

  

All the substituents are different hence is is a chiral carbon and so molecule.