BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260169614
Author: Raven
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 23, Problem 4S

Across many species of limpets, loss of larval development and reversal from direct development appears to have occurred multiple times. Under the simple principle of parsimony, are changes in either direction merely counted equally in evaluating the most parsimonious hypothesis? If it is much more likely to lose a larval mode than to re-evolve it from direct development, should that be taken into account? If so, how?

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In a study in which men and women were asked to sit at a computer and navigate through a virtual maze, the men were able to complete the task more quickly and with fewer errors over five trials than the women (Moffat et al. 1998). What possible proximate developmental mechanisms might be responsible for this sex difference in navigational ability? Use the evolutionary explanation for sex differences in spatial learning ability by voles to make a prediction about the nature of human mating systems over evolutionary time.
Answer the following: More recently evolved organisms have modified the stages of embryological development. Would you expect early or late stages to be modified the most? Why? The basic stages of embryological development are remarkably similar for a wide range of organisms. How would you explain such consistency? As cells invaginate and move about, do they “know” where they are? If not, how is movement controlled? If so, how do they perceive their position. Is parental care of a species a factor that affects embryological development? If so, how?
First, concerningthe evolution of development, what have been the changes in developmentalmechanisms that give rise to different phenotypes? A second question, closelyrelated to the first, is how do genetic differences among species map onto phenotypic differences? Third, what is the role of development in either constraining or enhancing evolutionary change in characters? That is, how does development affect “evolvability”? Fourth, how does developmental information help usidentify homologous characters, or even define homology? Finally, can understanding development help us understand the origin of novel characteristics?
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Mitochondrial mutations; Author: Useful Genetics;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvgXe-3RJeU;License: CC-BY