BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260169614
Author: Raven
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 23, Problem 2S
Identifying “outgroups” is a central component of cladistic analysis. As described on page 462, a group is chosen that is closely related to, but not a part of the group under study. If one does not know the relationships of members of the group under study, how can one be certain that an appropriate outgroup is chosen? Can you think of any approaches that would minimize the effect of a poor choice of outgroup?
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Construct a cladogram that provides one hypothesis about the evolutionary history for these 6 taxa. Be sure to map each of the character states for every taxon represented in the character matrix. See tips below to help get you started. You can insert a photo of a hand drawn cladogram or create one on your device. Keep in mind that cladograms are hypotheses, there are many different cladograms that can be constructed.
a) Which characteristics were identified as homoplasies on your cladogram?
b)
Construct a cladogram that provides one hypothesis about the evolutionary history for these 6 taxa. Be sure to map each of the character states for every taxon represented in the character matrix. See tips below to help get you started. You can insert a photo of a hand drawn cladogram or create one on your device. Keep in mind that cladograms are hypotheses, there are many different cladograms that can be constructed.
a) Which characteristics were identified as homoplasies on your cladogram?
b) Now that your tree has been constructed, how confident do you feel in your hypothesis and why?
The above data are from a landmark student looking into the relationship between sickle
cell anemia and malaria. These data are from a population where malaria is prevalent. A
is the allele for normal red blood cells; S is the sickle cell allele (you should know what
this means).
Is this population in H-W equilibrium? Make sure to use chi-square.
Why or why not (if not, what assumption(s) violated).
Genotype
AA
AS
SS
Total
Observed
9365 (75.6%)
2993 (24.2%)
29 (0.2%)
12,387
Chapter 23 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.2 - Demonstrate how a cladogram is constructed.Ch. 23.3 - Explain the taxonomic classification system.Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.3 - Prob. 3LOCh. 23.4 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23.4 - Prob. 2LO
Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 23.5 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23 - Construct a data matrix like the one in figure...Ch. 23 - Prob. 1IQCh. 23 - Prob. 2IQCh. 23 - Prob. 3IQCh. 23 - Prob. 4IQCh. 23 - Overall similarity of phenotypes may not always...Ch. 23 - a. is based on overall similarity of phenotypes....Ch. 23 - The principle of parsimony a. helps evolutionary...Ch. 23 - Parsimony suggests that parental care in birds,...Ch. 23 - The forelimb of a bird and the forelimb of a...Ch. 23 - In order to determine polarity for different...Ch. 23 - In a paraphyletic group a. all species are more...Ch. 23 - A paraphyletic group includes a. an ancestor and...Ch. 23 - Prob. 9UCh. 23 - A taxonomic group that contains species that have...Ch. 23 - Rapid rates of character change relative to the...Ch. 23 - Species recognized by the phylogenetic species...Ch. 23 - Prob. 1SCh. 23 - Identifying outgroups is a central component of...Ch. 23 - As noted in your reading, cladistics is a widely...Ch. 23 - Across many species of limpets, loss of larval...Ch. 23 - Birds, pterosaurs (a type of flying reptile that...Ch. 23 - AID:1825 | 10/04/2018 6. In what sense does the...
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- Imagine that researchers are studying 2 populations of a hypothetical flowering plant, Darwinius beardii. Individual plants of population "A" grow to an average height of 25 cm, while those of population "B" average 40 cm. The flowers of population "A" are light purple and open in mid-April, while those of population "B" are dark purple with white spots and open in early May. These 2 populations are geographically separated by a large river, and geological and molecular genetic evidence suggests that they have been separated for at least 10 million years, during which time evolutionary divergence has occured. Yet, when individuals from each population are brought into the lab, they readily mate with individuals of the other population. Under which species concept(s) would the plants of the 2 populations be considered the SAME species? O A. Biological species concept O B. Phenetic species concept O C. Phylogenetic species concept O D. both the Phenetic and Phylogenetic species conceptsarrow_forwardBased on this matrix, is my cladogram correctly done? 1.a) What species on the cladogram are endothermic (fully endothermic species only=those that maintain their body temperature only with their metabolism = not sharks for instance)? 1.b) Considering the location and relationship of endotherms on the cladogram, what type of character (homologous, homoplasy: convergence or reversal) do you think endothermy is? try to use specific terminology: character, homologous characters, nom homologous characters, character states (or evolutionary stages of a character), ancestral (plesiomorphic), derived (apomorphic), homoplasy, convergence, reversal....arrow_forwardPlease solvearrow_forward
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