(a) Interpretation: The step involved in the citric acid cycle having a reaction which generates NADH needs to be determined. Concept Introduction: The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 23, Problem 23.43P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having a reaction which generates NADH needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle in which CO₂ is removed needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having the reactions which utilize FAD needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having the reaction which forms a new carbon-carbon single bond should be given.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

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2. Name the following hydrocarbons. (9 marks) a) HHHHHHHH H-C-C- H-O-S b) HCEC-CH3 H H H H H d) c) H C=C- H H H e) CH3 CH3 CH2CH=CH-CH=CHCH3 HHHH H-C-C-C-C-H H HH H f) large CH2CH3 pola H3C section lovels tower, able ocart firs g) Tower H3C-CH2 then in H3C-CH-CH-CH3 enblbano bne noitsidab Copyright © 2008. Durham Continuing Education CH3

Name the molecules & Identify any chiral center CH3CH2CH2CHCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂ OH CH₂CHCH2CH3 Br CH3 CH3CHCH2CHCH2CH3 CH3

Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electrons-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s).

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 23, Problem 23.43P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having a reaction which generates NADH needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle in which CO₂ is removed needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having the reactions which utilize FAD needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having the reaction which forms a new carbon-carbon single bond should be given.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 23, Problem 23.43P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having a reaction which generates NADH needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle in which CO₂ is removed needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having the reactions which utilize FAD needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having the reaction which forms a new carbon-carbon single bond should be given.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C = O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in ketones is placed somewhere in the middle of the molecular structure, which means, the C=O is attached to two alkyl groups or benzene rings. Just like all other homologous series, the naming of ketones is done using a common suffix “-one”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O. Functional group of a ketone

Chapter 23, Problem 23.43P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having a reaction which generates NADH needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle in which CO₂ is removed needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having the reactions which utilize FAD needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having the reaction which forms a new carbon-carbon single bond should be given.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

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Answer 5

Chapter 23, Problem 23.43P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having a reaction which generates NADH needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle in which CO₂ is removed needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having the reactions which utilize FAD needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having the reaction which forms a new carbon-carbon single bond should be given.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Answer 6

Chapter 23, Problem 23.43P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having a reaction which generates NADH needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Answer 7

Chapter 23, Problem 23.43P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having a reaction which generates NADH needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle in which CO₂ is removed needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle in which CO₂ is removed needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having the reactions which utilize FAD needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having the reactions which utilize FAD needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having the reaction which forms a new carbon-carbon single bond should be given.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The step involved in the citric acid cycle having the reaction which forms a new carbon-carbon single bond should be given.

Concept Introduction:

The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle that consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts with the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecules to four carbon substrates. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 23.1P Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 23.2P Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 23.3P Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 23.4P Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 23.5P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 23.6P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 23.7P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 23.8P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 23.9P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 23.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains the citric acid cycle, which consists of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in mitochondria.

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