Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The path of electron transfer in photosynthesis process via
Concept Introduction:
Oxidation is the addition of an electronegative element or the removal of an electropositive element in a
Reduction is the addition of an electropositive element or the removal of an electronegative element in a chemical reaction.
The chemical reaction in which oxidation process and reduction process takes place and reduction take place simultaneously is called a
The chemical reaction that takes place during photosynthesis is shown as follows:
During the light reaction, the reduction of
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Biochemistry
- REFLECT AND APPLY If photosynthesizing plants are grown in the presence of 14CO2, is every carbon atom of the glucose that is produced labeled with the radioactive carbon? Why or why not?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY Why is it useful to plot rate data for enzymatic reactions as a straight line rather than as a curve?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLLY Is the reaction of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate a redox reaction? Give the reason for your answer.arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLY Metabolic cycles are rather common (Calvin cycle, citric acid cycle, urea cycle). Why are cycles so useful to organisms?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY In biochemistry, the exergonic process of converting glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water in aerobic metabolism can be considered the reverse of photosynthesis, in which carbon dioxide and water are converted to glucose and oxygen. Do you expect both processes to be exergonic, both endergonic, or one exergonic and one endergonic? Why? Would you expect both processes to take place in the same way? Why?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY Show how the reactions of the electron transport chain differ from those in Question 3 when FADH2 is the starting point for electron transport. Show how the reactions that liberate enough energy to drive the phosphorylation of ADP differ from the pathway when NADH is the starting point.arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLY What do the following indicators tell you about whether a reaction can proceed as written? (a) The standard free-energy change is positive. (b) The free-energy change is positive. (c) The reaction is exergonic.arrow_forwardRECALL Which of the following are spontaneous processes? Explain your answer for each process. (a) The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi Pi (b) The oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O by an organism (c) The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (d) The production of glucose and O2 from CO2 and H2O in photosynthesisarrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY What are some of the difficulties in determining the exact number of protons pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane by the respiratory complexes?arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLY Albert Szent-Gyorgi, a pioneer in early photosynthesis research, stated, What drives life is a little electric current, kept up by the sunshine. What did he mean by this?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY Two biochemistry students are about to use mitochondria isolated from rat liver for an experiment on oxidative phosphorylation. The directions for the experiment specify addition of purified cytochrome c from any source to the reaction mixture. Why is the added cytochrome c needed? Why does the source not have to be the same as that of the mitochondria?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY Why do the electron-transfer reactions of the cytochromes differ in standard reduction potential, even though all the reactions involve the same oxidationreduction reaction of iron?arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305961135Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougalPublisher:Cengage Learning