The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated. Concept introduction: In acid-catalysed Aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. In the first step, enol is formed when carbonyl oxygen gets protonated. Then, deprotonation occurs at alpha carbon. In the next step, enol adds to the protonated carbonyl followed by deprotonation to give the aldol product.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 22.80SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In acid-catalysed Aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. In the first step, enol is formed when carbonyl oxygen gets protonated. Then, deprotonation occurs at alpha carbon. In the next step, enol adds to the protonated carbonyl followed by deprotonation to give the aldol product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In acid-catalysed Aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. In the first step, enol is formed when carbonyl oxygen gets protonated. Then, deprotonation occurs at alpha carbon. In the next step, enol adds to the protonated carbonyl followed by deprotonation to give the aldol product.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In base-catalysed aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion takes place on a carbonyl group. In first step, an alpha proton is removed to produce enolate ion. It adds to the carbonyl group. In the next step, protonation of alkoxide gives the aldol product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In base-catalysed aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion takes place on a carbonyl group. In first step, an alpha proton is removed to produce enolate ion. It adds to the carbonyl group. In the next step, protonation of alkoxide gives the aldol product.

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142. A mixture of H2(g) and N2(g) has a density of 0.216 g/liter at 300 K and 500 torr. What is the mole fraction composition of the mixture?

One liter of N2(g) at 2.1 bar and two liters of Ar(g) at 3.4 bar are mixed in a 4.0 liter flask to form an ideal gas mixture. Calculate the value of the final pressure of the mixture if the initial and final temperature of the gases are the same. Repeat this calculation if the initial temperature of the N2(g) and Ar(g) are 304 K and 402 K, respectively, and the final temperature of the mixture is 377 K.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 22.80SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In acid-catalysed Aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. In the first step, enol is formed when carbonyl oxygen gets protonated. Then, deprotonation occurs at alpha carbon. In the next step, enol adds to the protonated carbonyl followed by deprotonation to give the aldol product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In acid-catalysed Aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. In the first step, enol is formed when carbonyl oxygen gets protonated. Then, deprotonation occurs at alpha carbon. In the next step, enol adds to the protonated carbonyl followed by deprotonation to give the aldol product.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In base-catalysed aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion takes place on a carbonyl group. In first step, an alpha proton is removed to produce enolate ion. It adds to the carbonyl group. In the next step, protonation of alkoxide gives the aldol product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In base-catalysed aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion takes place on a carbonyl group. In first step, an alpha proton is removed to produce enolate ion. It adds to the carbonyl group. In the next step, protonation of alkoxide gives the aldol product.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 22.80SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In acid-catalysed Aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. In the first step, enol is formed when carbonyl oxygen gets protonated. Then, deprotonation occurs at alpha carbon. In the next step, enol adds to the protonated carbonyl followed by deprotonation to give the aldol product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In acid-catalysed Aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. In the first step, enol is formed when carbonyl oxygen gets protonated. Then, deprotonation occurs at alpha carbon. In the next step, enol adds to the protonated carbonyl followed by deprotonation to give the aldol product.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In base-catalysed aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion takes place on a carbonyl group. In first step, an alpha proton is removed to produce enolate ion. It adds to the carbonyl group. In the next step, protonation of alkoxide gives the aldol product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In base-catalysed aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion takes place on a carbonyl group. In first step, an alpha proton is removed to produce enolate ion. It adds to the carbonyl group. In the next step, protonation of alkoxide gives the aldol product.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 22.80SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In acid-catalysed Aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. In the first step, enol is formed when carbonyl oxygen gets protonated. Then, deprotonation occurs at alpha carbon. In the next step, enol adds to the protonated carbonyl followed by deprotonation to give the aldol product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In acid-catalysed Aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. In the first step, enol is formed when carbonyl oxygen gets protonated. Then, deprotonation occurs at alpha carbon. In the next step, enol adds to the protonated carbonyl followed by deprotonation to give the aldol product.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In base-catalysed aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion takes place on a carbonyl group. In first step, an alpha proton is removed to produce enolate ion. It adds to the carbonyl group. In the next step, protonation of alkoxide gives the aldol product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In base-catalysed aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion takes place on a carbonyl group. In first step, an alpha proton is removed to produce enolate ion. It adds to the carbonyl group. In the next step, protonation of alkoxide gives the aldol product.

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Answer 5

Chapter 22, Problem 22.80SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In acid-catalysed Aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. In the first step, enol is formed when carbonyl oxygen gets protonated. Then, deprotonation occurs at alpha carbon. In the next step, enol adds to the protonated carbonyl followed by deprotonation to give the aldol product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In acid-catalysed Aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. In the first step, enol is formed when carbonyl oxygen gets protonated. Then, deprotonation occurs at alpha carbon. In the next step, enol adds to the protonated carbonyl followed by deprotonation to give the aldol product.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In base-catalysed aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion takes place on a carbonyl group. In first step, an alpha proton is removed to produce enolate ion. It adds to the carbonyl group. In the next step, protonation of alkoxide gives the aldol product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In base-catalysed aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion takes place on a carbonyl group. In first step, an alpha proton is removed to produce enolate ion. It adds to the carbonyl group. In the next step, protonation of alkoxide gives the aldol product.

Answer 6

Chapter 22, Problem 22.80SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In acid-catalysed Aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. In the first step, enol is formed when carbonyl oxygen gets protonated. Then, deprotonation occurs at alpha carbon. In the next step, enol adds to the protonated carbonyl followed by deprotonation to give the aldol product.

Answer 7

Chapter 22, Problem 22.80SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In acid-catalysed Aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. In the first step, enol is formed when carbonyl oxygen gets protonated. Then, deprotonation occurs at alpha carbon. In the next step, enol adds to the protonated carbonyl followed by deprotonation to give the aldol product.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In acid-catalysed Aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. In the first step, enol is formed when carbonyl oxygen gets protonated. Then, deprotonation occurs at alpha carbon. In the next step, enol adds to the protonated carbonyl followed by deprotonation to give the aldol product.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In acid-catalysed Aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. In the first step, enol is formed when carbonyl oxygen gets protonated. Then, deprotonation occurs at alpha carbon. In the next step, enol adds to the protonated carbonyl followed by deprotonation to give the aldol product.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In base-catalysed aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion takes place on a carbonyl group. In first step, an alpha proton is removed to produce enolate ion. It adds to the carbonyl group. In the next step, protonation of alkoxide gives the aldol product.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In base-catalysed aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion takes place on a carbonyl group. In first step, an alpha proton is removed to produce enolate ion. It adds to the carbonyl group. In the next step, protonation of alkoxide gives the aldol product.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In base-catalysed aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion takes place on a carbonyl group. In first step, an alpha proton is removed to produce enolate ion. It adds to the carbonyl group. In the next step, protonation of alkoxide gives the aldol product.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

In base-catalysed aldol condensation, nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion takes place on a carbonyl group. In first step, an alpha proton is removed to produce enolate ion. It adds to the carbonyl group. In the next step, protonation of alkoxide gives the aldol product.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 22.2A - Prob. 22.2P Ch. 22.4 - Without looking back, propose a mechanism for the...Ch. 22.4 - Prob. 22.8P Ch. 22.4 - Prob. 22.9P Ch. 22.5A - Prob. 22.10P Ch. 22.5A - Prob. 22.11P Ch. 22.5B - Prob. 22.12P Ch. 22.5B - Predict the products of the following reactions....Ch. 22.5B - Which compounds will give positive iodoform tests?...Ch. 22.5C - Propose a mechanism for the acid-catalyzed...

Solution Summary: The author explains how nucleophilic addition of an enol takes place at a protonated carbonyl group. The mechanism for the given reaction is shown in Figure 1.

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Chapter 22 Solutions