The conditions that direct pyruvate towards entry into the citric acid cycle should be identified. Concept Introduction: Fundamental of Citric acid cycle, This is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions , which is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration . This cycle initially with the transfer of a two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA (co-enzyme) to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to from a sis-carbon compound like citrate. The citrate than goes through a series of chemical transformation, losing two carbonyl groups as the carbon dioxide.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 22, Problem 22.25UKC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate towards entry into the citric acid cycle should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Fundamental of Citric acid cycle,

This is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration.

This cycle initially with the transfer of a two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA (co-enzyme) to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to from a sis-carbon compound like citrate.

The citrate than goes through a series of chemical transformation, losing two carbonyl groups as the carbon dioxide.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into ethanol and CO2 and in which organism are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Anaerobic conditions: This process is any organisms that does not require oxygen for growth, it react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present.

This process used for industrial or domestic process to manage waste or to product fuels.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into lactate and in which organism (or) tissues are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Metabolism: This process refers to biochemical process that occur any living organism including humans to maintain life.

It is the totally of an organism chemical reaction,

Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell.

The pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into glucose and in which organism (or) tissues are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Gluconeogenesis is the process of formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

It is occur in all microorganism, fungi, plants and animals and the reactions are essentially the same, leading to the synthesis of one glucose molecules from two pyruvate molecules.

The process occurs only in liver and kidney, partially occurs in cytoplasm and in mitochondria.

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The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactatein skeletal muscle cells using NAD/NADH during anaerobic “balanced” fermentation.Answer the following questions about this reaction. (a) Write out the two reductive half reactions and indicate the E ̊' for each half reaction. Write out the full balanced reaction for the pyruvate to lactate rxn and indicate the ∆E ̊' for the reaction. (b) What is the free energy change under standard state conditions for thisreaction? Which direction is spontaneous?(c) Assume that in skeletal muscle cells the ratio of [NAD+] to [NADH] is 100, and that the[pyruvate] = 0.40 mM and [lactate] = 4.0 mM. What is the free energy change (∆G')for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate? Indicate the direction in which the reactionis spontaneous under these cellular conditions.

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Answer 2

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Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 22, Problem 22.25UKC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate towards entry into the citric acid cycle should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Fundamental of Citric acid cycle,

This is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration.

This cycle initially with the transfer of a two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA (co-enzyme) to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to from a sis-carbon compound like citrate.

The citrate than goes through a series of chemical transformation, losing two carbonyl groups as the carbon dioxide.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into ethanol and CO2 and in which organism are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Anaerobic conditions: This process is any organisms that does not require oxygen for growth, it react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present.

This process used for industrial or domestic process to manage waste or to product fuels.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into lactate and in which organism (or) tissues are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Metabolism: This process refers to biochemical process that occur any living organism including humans to maintain life.

It is the totally of an organism chemical reaction,

Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell.

The pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into glucose and in which organism (or) tissues are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Gluconeogenesis is the process of formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

It is occur in all microorganism, fungi, plants and animals and the reactions are essentially the same, leading to the synthesis of one glucose molecules from two pyruvate molecules.

The process occurs only in liver and kidney, partially occurs in cytoplasm and in mitochondria.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 22, Problem 22.25UKC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate towards entry into the citric acid cycle should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Fundamental of Citric acid cycle,

This is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration.

This cycle initially with the transfer of a two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA (co-enzyme) to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to from a sis-carbon compound like citrate.

The citrate than goes through a series of chemical transformation, losing two carbonyl groups as the carbon dioxide.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into ethanol and CO2 and in which organism are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Anaerobic conditions: This process is any organisms that does not require oxygen for growth, it react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present.

This process used for industrial or domestic process to manage waste or to product fuels.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into lactate and in which organism (or) tissues are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Metabolism: This process refers to biochemical process that occur any living organism including humans to maintain life.

It is the totally of an organism chemical reaction,

Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell.

The pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into glucose and in which organism (or) tissues are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Gluconeogenesis is the process of formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

It is occur in all microorganism, fungi, plants and animals and the reactions are essentially the same, leading to the synthesis of one glucose molecules from two pyruvate molecules.

The process occurs only in liver and kidney, partially occurs in cytoplasm and in mitochondria.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 22, Problem 22.25UKC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate towards entry into the citric acid cycle should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Fundamental of Citric acid cycle,

This is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration.

This cycle initially with the transfer of a two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA (co-enzyme) to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to from a sis-carbon compound like citrate.

The citrate than goes through a series of chemical transformation, losing two carbonyl groups as the carbon dioxide.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into ethanol and CO2 and in which organism are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Anaerobic conditions: This process is any organisms that does not require oxygen for growth, it react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present.

This process used for industrial or domestic process to manage waste or to product fuels.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into lactate and in which organism (or) tissues are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Metabolism: This process refers to biochemical process that occur any living organism including humans to maintain life.

It is the totally of an organism chemical reaction,

Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell.

The pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into glucose and in which organism (or) tissues are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Gluconeogenesis is the process of formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

It is occur in all microorganism, fungi, plants and animals and the reactions are essentially the same, leading to the synthesis of one glucose molecules from two pyruvate molecules.

The process occurs only in liver and kidney, partially occurs in cytoplasm and in mitochondria.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

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Answer 5

Chapter 22, Problem 22.25UKC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate towards entry into the citric acid cycle should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Fundamental of Citric acid cycle,

This is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration.

This cycle initially with the transfer of a two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA (co-enzyme) to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to from a sis-carbon compound like citrate.

The citrate than goes through a series of chemical transformation, losing two carbonyl groups as the carbon dioxide.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into ethanol and CO2 and in which organism are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Anaerobic conditions: This process is any organisms that does not require oxygen for growth, it react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present.

This process used for industrial or domestic process to manage waste or to product fuels.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into lactate and in which organism (or) tissues are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Metabolism: This process refers to biochemical process that occur any living organism including humans to maintain life.

It is the totally of an organism chemical reaction,

Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell.

The pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into glucose and in which organism (or) tissues are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Gluconeogenesis is the process of formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

It is occur in all microorganism, fungi, plants and animals and the reactions are essentially the same, leading to the synthesis of one glucose molecules from two pyruvate molecules.

The process occurs only in liver and kidney, partially occurs in cytoplasm and in mitochondria.

Answer 6

Chapter 22, Problem 22.25UKC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate towards entry into the citric acid cycle should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Fundamental of Citric acid cycle,

This is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration.

This cycle initially with the transfer of a two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA (co-enzyme) to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to from a sis-carbon compound like citrate.

The citrate than goes through a series of chemical transformation, losing two carbonyl groups as the carbon dioxide.

Answer 7

Chapter 22, Problem 22.25UKC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate towards entry into the citric acid cycle should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Fundamental of Citric acid cycle,

This is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration.

This cycle initially with the transfer of a two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA (co-enzyme) to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to from a sis-carbon compound like citrate.

The citrate than goes through a series of chemical transformation, losing two carbonyl groups as the carbon dioxide.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into ethanol and CO2 and in which organism are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Anaerobic conditions: This process is any organisms that does not require oxygen for growth, it react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present.

This process used for industrial or domestic process to manage waste or to product fuels.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into ethanol and CO2 and in which organism are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Anaerobic conditions: This process is any organisms that does not require oxygen for growth, it react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present.

This process used for industrial or domestic process to manage waste or to product fuels.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into lactate and in which organism (or) tissues are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Metabolism: This process refers to biochemical process that occur any living organism including humans to maintain life.

It is the totally of an organism chemical reaction,

Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell.

The pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with product.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into lactate and in which organism (or) tissues are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Metabolism: This process refers to biochemical process that occur any living organism including humans to maintain life.

It is the totally of an organism chemical reaction,

Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell.

The pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with product.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into glucose and in which organism (or) tissues are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Gluconeogenesis is the process of formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

It is occur in all microorganism, fungi, plants and animals and the reactions are essentially the same, leading to the synthesis of one glucose molecules from two pyruvate molecules.

The process occurs only in liver and kidney, partially occurs in cytoplasm and in mitochondria.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conditions that direct pyruvate was converted into glucose and in which organism (or) tissues are involved in this process, should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Gluconeogenesis is the process of formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

It is occur in all microorganism, fungi, plants and animals and the reactions are essentially the same, leading to the synthesis of one glucose molecules from two pyruvate molecules.

The process occurs only in liver and kidney, partially occurs in cytoplasm and in mitochondria.

Answer 14

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 22.1P Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 22.2P Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 22.3P Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 22.4P Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 22.5P Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 22.6KCP Ch. 22.4 - Prob. 22.1CIAP Ch. 22.4 - Prob. 22.2CIAP Ch. 22.4 - Prob. 22.3CIAP Ch. 22.4 - Explain the chemical process that leads to...

Solution Summary: The author explains how pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle, which is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions that are of central importance in all living cells.

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Chapter 22 Solutions