Human Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781305112100
Author: Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 22, Problem 1CT
Summary Introduction
To propose: Explanation of observations that higher rates of cancer are associated with increasing age.
Introduction: Cancer is caused due to abnormal cell growth. This occurs due to several genetic and epigenetic alterations that cause uncontrolled proliferation of cells. The word tumor is used to refer to swelling, but now it is commonly used to describe the new growth or neoplasm (cancerous growth). The clinical manifestations of cancer are numerous and depend on the variety and intensity of symptoms.
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What separates cancer cells from normal cells?
Describe one form of mutation that can increase the risk of a normal cell being cancerous.
Describe the role of mismatch repair (MMR) in DNA repair.Why do mutations in MMR proteins increase the risk ofhuman cancer?
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mutations accumulate as people age
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Chapter 22 Solutions
Human Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 22 - Prob. 1RQCh. 22 - Prob. 2RQCh. 22 - Prob. 3RQCh. 22 - Prob. 4RQCh. 22 - Prob. 5RQCh. 22 - Prob. 6RQCh. 22 - Prob. 1SQCh. 22 - Prob. 2SQCh. 22 - Prob. 3SQCh. 22 - Prob. 4SQ
Ch. 22 - Prob. 5SQCh. 22 - Tumor suppressor genes _____. a. occur normally in...Ch. 22 - Prob. 7SQCh. 22 - The most common therapeutic approaches to treating...Ch. 22 - Prob. 9SQCh. 22 - Prob. 10SQCh. 22 - Prob. 1CTCh. 22 - A textbook on cancer contains the following...Ch. 22 - Ultimately, cancer kills because it spreads and...Ch. 22 - Over the last few months, your best friend, Mark,...Ch. 22 - Some desperate cancer patients consume pills or...
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- Describe the role of mismatch repair (MMR) in DNA repair. Why can mutations in MMR increase the risk of human cancer?arrow_forwardThe BRCA genes produce DNA repair proteins. Genetic testing is available that can determine if a person has a mutation in the BRCA genes that makes the proteins less able to function. What is the result of a BRCA mutation? A. The person is more likely to develop cancer if other DNA in the cell mutates. B. The person is less likely to develop cancer unless the BRCA region is methylated. C. The person is less likely to develop cancer because the BRCA gene will inhibit the cell cycle checkpoints. D. The person is more likely to develop cancer because the BRCA gene promotes an increased rate for mitosis.arrow_forwardGIVE REASON ALSOarrow_forward
- With regard to human cancer cells, which of the following statements is true? A. Cancer cells within one tumor usually do not share common mutations B. Cancer cells generally have lost the ability to divide C. Oncogenes are non-human genes not related to normal genes in the human genome D. Mutations in DNA repair genes result in an increased chance of getting cancer.arrow_forwardWhy do mutations in DNA repair genes increase the likelihood of developing cancer?arrow_forwardTelomerase is a very important enzyme for the control of both cancer and aging. In 5 sentences, explain what telomerase is and why it is important in both cancer and aging.arrow_forward
- You are an expert in DNA-repair mechanisms. You receive a sample of a human cell line derived from a woman who has symptoms of xeroderma pigmentosum. You determine that she has a mutation in a gene that has not been previously associated with XP. How is this possible?arrow_forwardWhat common mutation occurs in many human cancers? Explain how it can have this effect.arrow_forwardFor each statement below indicate whether it is true or false: A. Strand discrimination during the process of DNA repair is based on DNA methylation B. The genetic code has 64 amino acid-specifying codons C. Mutations in germline cells are more consequential to subsequent generations than mutations in somatic cells.arrow_forward
- Some initial studies looking at the carcinogenicity of tobacco products took extracts from those products and carried out various mutational assays on them. They rarely found any evidence that tobacco could cause cancer. Why would these experiments provide false negatives?arrow_forwardThe BRCA genes produce DNA repair proteins. Genetic testing is available that can determine if a person has a mutation in the BRCA genes that makes the proteins less able to function. What is the result of a BRCA mutation? A. The person is more likely to develop cancer if other DNA in the cell mutates. O B. The person is less likely to develop cancer unless the BRCA region is methylated. O C. The person is less likely to develop cancer because the BCA gene will inhibit the cell cycle checkpoints. D. The person is more likely to develop cancer because the BRCA gene promotes an increased rate for mitosis. swered MacBool F1 F2 F3 D00 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 $ % & * 2 云 # 3arrow_forwardDNA sequencing has provided data to indicate that cancer cells may contain tens of thousands of somatic mutations, only some of which confer a growth advantage to a cancer cell. How do scientists describe and categorize these recently discovered populations of mutations in cancer cells?arrow_forward
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