(a) Interpretation: The lactol formed from intramolecular cyclization of given hydroxyl aldehyde is to be predicted. Concept introduction: Aldehydes or ketones on reaction with one equivalent of alcohol form hemiacetal and on reaction with two equivalents of alcohol it forms acetals. This is nucleophilic addition reaction. These reactions takes place in presence of acids, commonly p -toluenesulfonicacid . Cyclic hemiacetals containing five or six-membered rings are generally stable and can be isolated.

Question

An expression for the root mean square velocity, vrms, of a gas was derived. Using Maxwell’s velocity distribution, one can also calculate the mean velocity and the most probable velocity (mp) of a collection of molecules. The equations used for these two quantities are vmean=(8RT/πM)1/2 and vmp=(2RT/M)1/2 These values have a fixed relationship to each other.(a) Arrange these three quantities in order of increasing magnitude.(b) Show that the relative magnitudes are independent of the molar mass of the gas.(c) Use the smallest velocity as a reference for establishing the order of magnitude and determine the relationship between the larger and smaller values.

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.36P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The lactol formed from intramolecular cyclization of given hydroxyl aldehyde is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Aldehydes or ketones on reaction with one equivalent of alcohol form hemiacetal and on reaction with two equivalents of alcohol it forms acetals. This is nucleophilic addition reaction. These reactions takes place in presence of acids, commonly p-toluenesulfonicacid.

Cyclic hemiacetals containing five or six-membered rings are generally stable and can be isolated.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The lactol formed from intramolecular cyclization of given hydroxyl aldehyde is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Aldehydes or ketones on reaction with one equivalent of alcohol form hemiacetal and on reaction with two equivalents of alcohol it forms acetals. This is nucleophilic addition reaction. These reactions takes place in presence of acids, commonly p-toluenesulfonicacid.

Cyclic hemiacetals containing five or six-membered rings are generally stable and can be isolated.

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