Chapter 2, Problem 4P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The position of equilibrium has to be determined for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Base and its conjugate Acid: A Base is a species that can gain a proton. When a base gains a proton $\left({\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\right)$, it forms its conjugate acid. In order to gain a proton, a base must possess lone pair that it can use to form a new bond with the proton. Neutral base forms a positively charged conjugate acid, whereas a positively charged base forms a neutral conjugate acid.

Acid-base reactions: An acid cannot lose a proton unless a base is present to accept the proton. Therefore, an acid always reacts with a base. The reaction of an acid with a base is called an acid-base reaction or a proton transfer reaction. Acid-base reactions are always reversible reactions.

Acid and its conjugate base: An acid is a species that can lose a proton. When an acid loses a proton $\left({\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\right)$, it forms its conjugate base. Neutral acid forms a negatively charged conjugate base, whereas a positively charged acid forms a neutral conjugate base.

Position of equilibrium: By comparing ${\text{pK}}_{\text{a}}$ value of the acid that loses a proton in the forward direction with the ${\text{pK}}_{\text{a}}$ value of the acid that loses a proton in the reverse direction. The equilibrium will favor the reaction of the stronger acid to form the weaker acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The position of equilibrium has to be determined for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Base and its conjugate Acid: A Base is a species that can gain a proton. When a base gains a proton $\left({\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\right)$, it forms its conjugate acid. In order to gain a proton, a base must possess lone pair that it can use to form a new bond with the proton. Neutral base forms a positively charged conjugate acid, whereas a positively charged base forms a neutral conjugate acid.

Acid-base reactions: An acid cannot lose a proton unless a base is present to accept the proton. Therefore, an acid always reacts with a base. The reaction of an acid with a base is called an acid-base reaction or a proton transfer reaction. Acid-base reactions are always reversible reactions.

Acid and its conjugate base: An acid is a species that can lose a proton. When an acid loses a proton $\left({\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\right)$, it forms its conjugate base. Neutral acid forms a negatively charged conjugate base, whereas a positively charged acid forms a neutral conjugate base.

Position of equilibrium: By comparing ${\text{pK}}_{\text{a}}$ value of the acid that loses a proton in the forward direction with the ${\text{pK}}_{\text{a}}$ value of the acid that loses a proton in the reverse direction. The equilibrium will favor the reaction of the stronger acid to form the weaker acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The position of equilibrium has to be determined for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Base and its conjugate Acid: A Base is a species that can gain a proton. When a base gains a proton $\left({\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\right)$, it forms its conjugate acid. In order to gain a proton, a base must possess lone pair that it can use to form a new bond with the proton. Neutral base forms a positively charged conjugate acid, whereas a positively charged base forms a neutral conjugate acid.

Acid-base reactions: An acid cannot lose a proton unless a base is present to accept the proton. Therefore, an acid always reacts with a base. The reaction of an acid with a base is called an acid-base reaction or a proton transfer reaction. Acid-base reactions are always reversible reactions.

Acid and its conjugate base: An acid is a species that can lose a proton. When an acid loses a proton $\left({\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\right)$, it forms its conjugate base. Neutral acid forms a negatively charged conjugate base, whereas a positively charged acid forms a neutral conjugate base.

Position of equilibrium: By comparing ${\text{pK}}_{\text{a}}$ value of the acid that loses a proton in the forward direction with the ${\text{pK}}_{\text{a}}$ value of the acid that loses a proton in the reverse direction. The equilibrium will favor the reaction of the stronger acid to form the weaker acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The position of equilibrium has to be determined for the given reactions.

Concept Introduction:

Base and its conjugate Acid: A Base is a species that can gain a proton. When a base gains a proton $\left({\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\right)$, it forms its conjugate acid. In order to gain a proton, a base must possess lone pair that it can use to form a new bond with the proton. Neutral base forms a positively charged conjugate acid, whereas a positively charged base forms a neutral conjugate acid.

Acid-base reactions: An acid cannot lose a proton unless a base is present to accept the proton. Therefore, an acid always reacts with a base. The reaction of an acid with a base is called an acid-base reaction or a proton transfer reaction. Acid-base reactions are always reversible reactions.

Acid and its conjugate base: An acid is a species that can lose a proton. When an acid loses a proton $\left({\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\right)$, it forms its conjugate base. Neutral acid forms a negatively charged conjugate base, whereas a positively charged acid forms a neutral conjugate base.

Position of equilibrium: By comparing ${\text{pK}}_{\text{a}}$ value of the acid that loses a proton in the forward direction with the ${\text{pK}}_{\text{a}}$ value of the acid that loses a proton in the reverse direction. The equilibrium will favor the reaction of the stronger acid to form the weaker acid.