Organic Chemistry
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780321803221
Author: Paula Y. Bruice
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Chapter 19, Problem 78P
Friedel-Crafts alkylations can be carried out with carbocations formed from reactions other than the reaction of an
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Using reaction free energy to predict equilibrium composition
Consider the following equilibrium:
2NO2 (g) = N2O4(g)
AGº = -5.4 kJ
Now suppose a reaction vessel is filled with 4.53 atm of dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) at 279. °C. Answer the following questions about this system:
Under these conditions, will the pressure of N2O4 tend to rise or fall?
Is it possible to reverse this tendency by adding NO2?
In other words, if you said the pressure of N2O4 will tend to rise, can that
be changed to a tendency to fall by adding NO2? Similarly, if you said the
pressure of N2O4 will tend to fall, can that be changed to a tendency to
'2'
rise by adding NO2?
If you said the tendency can be reversed in the second question, calculate
the minimum pressure of NO 2 needed to reverse it.
Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
00
rise
☐ x10
fall
yes
no
☐ atm
G
Ar
1
Why do we analyse salt?
Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using
the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved
electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or
mechanistic step(s).
Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making
steps.
H
H
CH3OH, H+
H
Select to Add Arrows
H°
0:0
'H
+
Q
HH
■ Select to Add Arrows
CH3OH,
H*
H.
H
CH3OH, H+
HH
■ Select to Add Arrows i
Please select a drawing or reagent from the question area
Chapter 19 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
Ch. 19.1 - Draw the structure for each of the following: a....Ch. 19.2 - PROBLEM 2
If electrophilic addition to benzene is...Ch. 19.4 - Why does hydration inactivate FeBr3?Ch. 19.6 - Prob. 5PCh. 19.7 - Prob. 6PCh. 19.8 - What is the major product of a Friedel-Crafts...Ch. 19.10 - Describe two ways to prepare each of the following...Ch. 19.12 - Prob. 9PCh. 19.13 - Name the following:Ch. 19.13 - Prob. 12P
Ch. 19.13 - Prob. 13PCh. 19.13 - Prob. 14PCh. 19.14 - Prob. 15PCh. 19.14 - List the compounds in each set from most reactive...Ch. 19.15 - Prob. 18PCh. 19.15 - What product(s) result from nitration of each of...Ch. 19.15 - Prob. 20PCh. 19.16 - Which acid in each of the following pairs is...Ch. 19.16 - Prob. 23PCh. 19.16 - Prob. 24PCh. 19.18 - Show how the following compounds can be...Ch. 19.18 - Give the products, if any, of each of the...Ch. 19.19 - a. Does a coupling reaction have to be used to...Ch. 19.19 - PROBLEM 28
Show how each of the following...Ch. 19.20 - What is the major product(s) of each of the...Ch. 19.20 - Prob. 30PCh. 19.21 - Why isn't FeBr3 used as a catalyst in the first...Ch. 19.21 - Prob. 33PCh. 19.21 - Write the sequence of steps required for the...Ch. 19.21 - Prob. 35PCh. 19.22 - What product is formed from reaction of...Ch. 19.22 - Prob. 37PCh. 19.22 - Draw the structure of the activated ring and the...Ch. 19.23 - Prob. 39PCh. 19.23 - Prob. 40PCh. 19.23 - Diazomethane can be used to convert a carboxylic...Ch. 19.24 - Prob. 42PCh. 19.24 - Prob. 43PCh. 19.24 - Prob. 44PCh. 19.25 - Prob. 45PCh. 19 - Draw the structure for each of the following: a....Ch. 19 - Prob. 47PCh. 19 - Prob. 48PCh. 19 - Prob. 49PCh. 19 - For each of the statements in Column I, choose a...Ch. 19 - What product is obtained from the reaction of...Ch. 19 - Draw the product(s) of each of the following...Ch. 19 - Rank the following substituted anilines from most...Ch. 19 - Prob. 54PCh. 19 - The compound with the 1H NMR spectrum shown below...Ch. 19 - Prob. 56PCh. 19 - Show how the following compounds can be...Ch. 19 - Prob. 58PCh. 19 - Rank each group of compounds from most reactive to...Ch. 19 - Prob. 60PCh. 19 - Describe two ways to prepare anisole from benzene.Ch. 19 - For each of the following components, indicate the...Ch. 19 - Prob. 63PCh. 19 - Prob. 64PCh. 19 - Prob. 65PCh. 19 - Prob. 66PCh. 19 - An aromatic hydrocarbon with a molecular formula...Ch. 19 - The following tertiary alkyl bromides undergo an...Ch. 19 - Show how the following compounds can be...Ch. 19 - Use the four compounds shown below to answer the...Ch. 19 - a. Rank the following esters from most reactive to...Ch. 19 - A mixture of 0.10 mol benzene and 0.10 mol...Ch. 19 - Prob. 73PCh. 19 - Benzene underwent a Friedel-Crafts acylation...Ch. 19 - Prob. 75PCh. 19 - Prob. 76PCh. 19 - Prob. 77PCh. 19 - Friedel-Crafts alkylations can be carried out with...Ch. 19 - Show how the following compounds can be prepared...Ch. 19 - Prob. 80PCh. 19 - Prob. 81PCh. 19 - a. Describe four ways the following reaction can...Ch. 19 - Propose a mechanism for each of the following...Ch. 19 - Prob. 84PCh. 19 - Describe how naphthalene can he prepared from the...Ch. 19 - Prob. 86PCh. 19 - Using resonance contributors for the carbocation...Ch. 19 - Prob. 88PCh. 19 - When heated with chromic acid, compound A forms...Ch. 19 - Prob. 90PCh. 19 - Prob. 91PCh. 19 - What reagents are required to carry out the...Ch. 19 - Show how the following compounds can be prepared...Ch. 19 - An unknown compound reacts with ethyl chloride and...Ch. 19 - How can you distinguish the following compounds...Ch. 19 - P-Fluoronitrobenzene is more reactive toward...Ch. 19 - a. Explain why the following reaction leads to the...Ch. 19 - Describe how mescaline can be synthesized from...Ch. 19 - Propose a mechanism for the following reaction...Ch. 19 - Explain why hydroxide ion catalyzes the reaction...Ch. 19 - Propose a mechanism for each of the following...Ch. 19 - Prob. 102PCh. 19 - Prob. 103PCh. 19 - Describe how 3-methyl-1-phenyl-3-pentanol can he...Ch. 19 - a. How can aspirin be synthesized from benzene? b....Ch. 19 - Prob. 106PCh. 19 - Show how Novocain, a painkiller used frequently by...Ch. 19 - Prob. 108PCh. 19 - Saccharin, an artificial sweetener, is about 300...
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- What are examples of analytical methods that can be used to analyse salt in tomato sauce?arrow_forwardA common alkene starting material is shown below. Predict the major product for each reaction. Use a dash or wedge bond to indicate the relative stereochemistry of substituents on asymmetric centers, where applicable. Ignore any inorganic byproducts H Šali OH H OH Select to Edit Select to Draw 1. BH3-THF 1. Hg(OAc)2, H2O =U= 2. H2O2, NaOH 2. NaBH4, NaOH + Please select a drawing or reagent from the question areaarrow_forwardWhat is the MOHR titration & AOAC method? What is it and how does it work? How can it be used to quantify salt in a sample?arrow_forward
- Predict the major products of this reaction. Cl₂ hv ? Draw only the major product or products in the drawing area below. If there's more than one major product, you can draw them in any arrangement you like. Be sure you use wedge and dash bonds if necessary, for example to distinguish between major products with different stereochemistry. If there will be no products because there will be no significant reaction, just check the box under the drawing area and leave it blank. Note for advanced students: you can ignore any products of repeated addition. Explanation Check Click and drag to start drawing a structure. 80 10 m 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessibility DII A F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 EO F11arrow_forwardGiven a system with an anodic overpotential, the variation of η as a function of current density- at low fields is linear.- at higher fields, it follows Tafel's law.Calculate the range of current densities for which the overpotential has the same value when calculated for both cases (the maximum relative difference will be 5%, compared to the behavior for higher fields).arrow_forwardUsing reaction free energy to predict equilibrium composition Consider the following equilibrium: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) = 2NH3 (g) AGº = -34. KJ Now suppose a reaction vessel is filled with 8.06 atm of nitrogen (N2) and 2.58 atm of ammonia (NH3) at 106. °C. Answer the following questions about this system: rise Under these conditions, will the pressure of N2 tend to rise or fall? ☐ x10 fall Is it possible to reverse this tendency by adding H₂? In other words, if you said the pressure of N2 will tend to rise, can that be changed to a tendency to fall by adding H2? Similarly, if you said the pressure of N will tend to fall, can that be changed to a tendency to rise by adding H₂? If you said the tendency can be reversed in the second question, calculate the minimum pressure of H₂ needed to reverse it. Round your answer to 2 significant digits. yes no ☐ atm Х ด ? olo 18 Ararrow_forward
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