To compare: The chemical composition of the present-day Sun’s core with its composition when the sun was formed.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

To determine

To compare:

The chemical composition of the present-day Sun’s core with its composition when the sun was formed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Presently, the sun’s core has more Helium and less Hydrogen than when the sun was formed.

The change was brought about by Hydrogen fusion.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction All main-sequence stars convert Hydrogen into Helium by thermonuclear reactions. Sun’s main-sequence stage starts with the beginning of the Hydrogen fusion and ends when all Hydrogens in the core get converted to Helium. The Sun started Hydrogen fusion 4.56 billion years ago and it is less than halfway of its main-sequence lifetime.

The Sun’s primary constituent is Hydrogen. At the center of the Sun, thermonuclear fusion occurs under extremely high temperatures. Four Hydrogen nuclei convert to a Helium nucleus. This is a stepwise process and it is known as a proton-proton chain reaction. This process releases a large amount of energy as heat and light. In 4.56 billion years, the amount of Helium in the Sun’s core has increased and the amount of Hydrogen has decreased.

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6. Bending a lens in OpticStudio or OSLO. In either package, create a BK7 singlet lens of 10 mm semi-diameter and with 10 mm thickness. Set the wavelength to the (default) 0.55 microns and a single on-axis field point at infinite object distance. Set the image distance to 200 mm. Make the first surface the stop insure that the lens is fully filled (that is, that the entrance beam has a radius of 10 mm). Use the lens-maker's equation to calculate initial glass curvatures assuming you want a symmetric, bi-convex lens with an effective focal length of 200 mm. Get this working and examine the RMS spot size using the "Text" tab of the Spot Diagram analysis tab (OpticStudio) or the Spd command of the text widnow (OSLO). You should find the lens is far from diffraction limited, with a spot size of more than 100 microns. Now let's optimize this lens. In OpticStudio, create a default merit function optimizing on spot size.Then insert one extra line at the top of the merit function. Assign the…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

To determine

To compare:

The chemical composition of the present-day Sun’s core with its composition when the sun was formed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Presently, the sun’s core has more Helium and less Hydrogen than when the sun was formed.

The change was brought about by Hydrogen fusion.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction All main-sequence stars convert Hydrogen into Helium by thermonuclear reactions. Sun’s main-sequence stage starts with the beginning of the Hydrogen fusion and ends when all Hydrogens in the core get converted to Helium. The Sun started Hydrogen fusion 4.56 billion years ago and it is less than halfway of its main-sequence lifetime.

The Sun’s primary constituent is Hydrogen. At the center of the Sun, thermonuclear fusion occurs under extremely high temperatures. Four Hydrogen nuclei convert to a Helium nucleus. This is a stepwise process and it is known as a proton-proton chain reaction. This process releases a large amount of energy as heat and light. In 4.56 billion years, the amount of Helium in the Sun’s core has increased and the amount of Hydrogen has decreased.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

To determine

To compare:

The chemical composition of the present-day Sun’s core with its composition when the sun was formed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Presently, the sun’s core has more Helium and less Hydrogen than when the sun was formed.

The change was brought about by Hydrogen fusion.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction All main-sequence stars convert Hydrogen into Helium by thermonuclear reactions. Sun’s main-sequence stage starts with the beginning of the Hydrogen fusion and ends when all Hydrogens in the core get converted to Helium. The Sun started Hydrogen fusion 4.56 billion years ago and it is less than halfway of its main-sequence lifetime.

The Sun’s primary constituent is Hydrogen. At the center of the Sun, thermonuclear fusion occurs under extremely high temperatures. Four Hydrogen nuclei convert to a Helium nucleus. This is a stepwise process and it is known as a proton-proton chain reaction. This process releases a large amount of energy as heat and light. In 4.56 billion years, the amount of Helium in the Sun’s core has increased and the amount of Hydrogen has decreased.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

To determine

To compare:

The chemical composition of the present-day Sun’s core with its composition when the sun was formed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Presently, the sun’s core has more Helium and less Hydrogen than when the sun was formed.

The change was brought about by Hydrogen fusion.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction All main-sequence stars convert Hydrogen into Helium by thermonuclear reactions. Sun’s main-sequence stage starts with the beginning of the Hydrogen fusion and ends when all Hydrogens in the core get converted to Helium. The Sun started Hydrogen fusion 4.56 billion years ago and it is less than halfway of its main-sequence lifetime.

The Sun’s primary constituent is Hydrogen. At the center of the Sun, thermonuclear fusion occurs under extremely high temperatures. Four Hydrogen nuclei convert to a Helium nucleus. This is a stepwise process and it is known as a proton-proton chain reaction. This process releases a large amount of energy as heat and light. In 4.56 billion years, the amount of Helium in the Sun’s core has increased and the amount of Hydrogen has decreased.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

To determine

To compare:

The chemical composition of the present-day Sun’s core with its composition when the sun was formed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Presently, the sun’s core has more Helium and less Hydrogen than when the sun was formed.

The change was brought about by Hydrogen fusion.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction All main-sequence stars convert Hydrogen into Helium by thermonuclear reactions. Sun’s main-sequence stage starts with the beginning of the Hydrogen fusion and ends when all Hydrogens in the core get converted to Helium. The Sun started Hydrogen fusion 4.56 billion years ago and it is less than halfway of its main-sequence lifetime.

The Sun’s primary constituent is Hydrogen. At the center of the Sun, thermonuclear fusion occurs under extremely high temperatures. Four Hydrogen nuclei convert to a Helium nucleus. This is a stepwise process and it is known as a proton-proton chain reaction. This process releases a large amount of energy as heat and light. In 4.56 billion years, the amount of Helium in the Sun’s core has increased and the amount of Hydrogen has decreased.

Answer 6

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

To determine

To compare:

The chemical composition of the present-day Sun’s core with its composition when the sun was formed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Presently, the sun’s core has more Helium and less Hydrogen than when the sun was formed.

The change was brought about by Hydrogen fusion.

Explanation of Solution

Introduction All main-sequence stars convert Hydrogen into Helium by thermonuclear reactions. Sun’s main-sequence stage starts with the beginning of the Hydrogen fusion and ends when all Hydrogens in the core get converted to Helium. The Sun started Hydrogen fusion 4.56 billion years ago and it is less than halfway of its main-sequence lifetime.

The Sun’s primary constituent is Hydrogen. At the center of the Sun, thermonuclear fusion occurs under extremely high temperatures. Four Hydrogen nuclei convert to a Helium nucleus. This is a stepwise process and it is known as a proton-proton chain reaction. This process releases a large amount of energy as heat and light. In 4.56 billion years, the amount of Helium in the Sun’s core has increased and the amount of Hydrogen has decreased.

Answer 7

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

To determine

To compare:

The chemical composition of the present-day Sun’s core with its composition when the sun was formed.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Presently, the sun’s core has more Helium and less Hydrogen than when the sun was formed.

The change was brought about by Hydrogen fusion.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Explanation of Solution

Introduction All main-sequence stars convert Hydrogen into Helium by thermonuclear reactions. Sun’s main-sequence stage starts with the beginning of the Hydrogen fusion and ends when all Hydrogens in the core get converted to Helium. The Sun started Hydrogen fusion 4.56 billion years ago and it is less than halfway of its main-sequence lifetime.

The Sun’s primary constituent is Hydrogen. At the center of the Sun, thermonuclear fusion occurs under extremely high temperatures. Four Hydrogen nuclei convert to a Helium nucleus. This is a stepwise process and it is known as a proton-proton chain reaction. This process releases a large amount of energy as heat and light. In 4.56 billion years, the amount of Helium in the Sun’s core has increased and the amount of Hydrogen has decreased.

Answer 12

Ch. 19 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 19 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 19 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 19 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 19 - Prob. 5Q Ch. 19 - Prob. 6Q Ch. 19 - Prob. 7Q Ch. 19 - Prob. 8Q Ch. 19 - Prob. 9Q Ch. 19 - Prob. 10Q

To compare: The chemical composition of the present-day Sun’s core with its composition when the sun was formed.

Concept explainers

To compare:

The chemical composition of the present-day Sun’s core with its composition when the sun was formed.

Answer to Problem 1Q

Explanation of Solution

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Chapter 19 Solutions