The synthesis for gabapentin has to be proposed. Concept introduction: Aldol reaction is an addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones . Aldol reaction is a reversible reaction and occurs in presence of a strong base like sodium hydroxide. One molecule (aldehyde or ketone) acts a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbon center of the other molecule to give the addition product. The product is named β -hydroxy aldehyde if two aldehydes combine and β -hydroxy ketone if two ketones combine. When two molecules of an ester undergo condensation, then it is called claisen condensation. Like in aldol reaction, in claisen condensation one molecule is a nucleophile and the other molecule is an electrophile. A claisen condensation reaction is a reversible reaction and occurs in the presence of a strong base. Esterification reaction: In an esterification reaction, carboxylic acid combines with an alcohol in presence of little concentrated sulphuric acid to produce an ester. Reduction of aldehydes and ketones: In the reduction of carbonyl compounds, carbonyl compounds act as the oxidising agent and the reducing agent will be the hydrogen gas in presence of a metal.

Question

Draw the major producrs of this SN1 reaction. Ignore any inorganic byproducts. Use a dash or wedge bond to indicate the sereochemistry of substituents on asymmetric centers where appllicable.

Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 19, Problem 19.63P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthesis for gabapentin has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Aldol reaction is an addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones. Aldol reaction is a reversible reaction and occurs in presence of a strong base like sodium hydroxide. One molecule (aldehyde or ketone) acts a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbon center of the other molecule to give the addition product. The product is named β-hydroxy aldehyde if two aldehydes combine and β-hydroxy ketone if two ketones combine.

When two molecules of an ester undergo condensation, then it is called claisen condensation. Like in aldol reaction, in claisen condensation one molecule is a nucleophile and the other molecule is an electrophile.

A claisen condensation reaction is a reversible reaction and occurs in the presence of a strong base.

Esterification reaction:

In an esterification reaction, carboxylic acid combines with an alcohol in presence of little concentrated sulphuric acid to produce an ester.

Reduction of aldehydes and ketones:

In the reduction of carbonyl compounds, carbonyl compounds act as the oxidising agent and the reducing agent will be the hydrogen gas in presence of a metal.

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Draw the major producrs of this SN1 reaction. Ignore any inorganic byproducts. Use a dash or wedge bond to indicate the sereochemistry of substituents on asymmetric centers where appllicable.

5) Oxaloacetic Acid is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of citric acid. Synthesize oxaloacetic acid using a mixed Claisen Condensation reaction with two different esters and a sodium ethoxide base. Give your answer as a scheme Hint 1: Your final acid product is producing using a decarboxylation reaction. Hint 2: Look up the structure of oxalic acid. HO all OH oxaloacetic acid

20. The Brusselator. This hypothetical system was first proposed by a group work- ing in Brussels [see Prigogine and Lefever (1968)] in connection with spatially nonuniform chemical patterns. Because certain steps involve trimolecular reac tions, it is not a model of any real chemical system but rather a prototype that has been studied extensively. The reaction steps are A-X. B+X-Y+D. 2X+ Y-3X, X-E. 305 It is assumed that concentrations of A, B, D, and E are kept artificially con stant so that only X and Y vary with time. (a) Show that if all rate constants are chosen appropriately, the equations de scribing a Brusselator are: dt A-(B+ 1)x + x²y, dy =Bx-x²y. di

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 19, Problem 19.63P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthesis for gabapentin has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Aldol reaction is an addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones. Aldol reaction is a reversible reaction and occurs in presence of a strong base like sodium hydroxide. One molecule (aldehyde or ketone) acts a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbon center of the other molecule to give the addition product. The product is named β-hydroxy aldehyde if two aldehydes combine and β-hydroxy ketone if two ketones combine.

When two molecules of an ester undergo condensation, then it is called claisen condensation. Like in aldol reaction, in claisen condensation one molecule is a nucleophile and the other molecule is an electrophile.

A claisen condensation reaction is a reversible reaction and occurs in the presence of a strong base.

Esterification reaction:

In an esterification reaction, carboxylic acid combines with an alcohol in presence of little concentrated sulphuric acid to produce an ester.

Reduction of aldehydes and ketones:

In the reduction of carbonyl compounds, carbonyl compounds act as the oxidising agent and the reducing agent will be the hydrogen gas in presence of a metal.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 19, Problem 19.63P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthesis for gabapentin has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Aldol reaction is an addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones. Aldol reaction is a reversible reaction and occurs in presence of a strong base like sodium hydroxide. One molecule (aldehyde or ketone) acts a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbon center of the other molecule to give the addition product. The product is named β-hydroxy aldehyde if two aldehydes combine and β-hydroxy ketone if two ketones combine.

When two molecules of an ester undergo condensation, then it is called claisen condensation. Like in aldol reaction, in claisen condensation one molecule is a nucleophile and the other molecule is an electrophile.

A claisen condensation reaction is a reversible reaction and occurs in the presence of a strong base.

Esterification reaction:

In an esterification reaction, carboxylic acid combines with an alcohol in presence of little concentrated sulphuric acid to produce an ester.

Reduction of aldehydes and ketones:

In the reduction of carbonyl compounds, carbonyl compounds act as the oxidising agent and the reducing agent will be the hydrogen gas in presence of a metal.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 19, Problem 19.63P

Interpretation Introduction