EBK HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781260163049
Author: Fox
Publisher: MCGRAW HILL BOOK COMPANY
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Chapter 18, Problem 35RA
Summary Introduction
To review:
The function of bacterial heat-stable enterotoxins in raising cyclic GMP (guanosine monophosphate) levels within the intestinal cells and causing diarrhea.
Introduction:
Enterotoxin refers to the protein exotoxin secreted by the bacterial cells, targeting the intestine. These enterotoxins are either coded in the chromosomes or in the plasmid. These are heat-stable, have low molecular weight and are readily soluble in water. Bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae release enterotoxins and cause diarrhea.
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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation?
The cell membranes are more resistant than normal.
An isotonic solution had been added instead of water.
A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water.
Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet.
The man had sickle-cell anaemia.
A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation?
The cell membranes are more resistant than normal.
An isotonic solution had been added instead of water.
A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water.
Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet.
The man had sickle-cell anaemia.
With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin
Chapter 18 Solutions
EBK HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Ch. 18 - Prob. 1aCPCh. 18 - Describe the structure and function of the mucosa,...Ch. 18 - Prob. 2bCPCh. 18 - Describe the structure and function of the lower...Ch. 18 - Prob. 3bCPCh. 18 - Prob. 4aCPCh. 18 - Explain how peptic ulcers are produced and why...Ch. 18 - Explain how gastrin and vagus nerve stimulation...Ch. 18 - Describe the adaptations of the small intestine...Ch. 18 - Prob. 6CP
Ch. 18 - Prob. 7CPCh. 18 - Prob. 8aCPCh. 18 - Prob. 8bCPCh. 18 - Prob. 9CPCh. 18 - Prob. 10aCPCh. 18 - Prob. 10bCPCh. 18 - Prob. 10cCPCh. 18 - Prob. 11aCPCh. 18 - Prob. 11bCPCh. 18 - Prob. 12CPCh. 18 - Prob. 13aCPCh. 18 - Describe the mechanisms involved in the intestinal...Ch. 18 - Prob. 14CPCh. 18 - Prob. 15CPCh. 18 - Prob. 16aCPCh. 18 - List each enzyme involved in protein digestion....Ch. 18 - Describe how bile aids both the digestion and...Ch. 18 - Trace the pathway and fate of a molecule of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 17cCPCh. 18 - Which of these statements about intrinsic factor...Ch. 18 - Prob. 2RACh. 18 - Which of these statements about gastric secretion...Ch. 18 - Prob. 4RACh. 18 - Which of these statements about trypsin is...Ch. 18 - Prob. 6RACh. 18 - Prob. 7RACh. 18 - The first organ to receive the blood-borne...Ch. 18 - Prob. 9RACh. 18 - Prob. 10RACh. 18 - Prob. 11RACh. 18 - Which of these statements about vitamin is...Ch. 18 - Which of these statements about starch digestion...Ch. 18 - Prob. 14RACh. 18 - Which of these statements about contraction of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 16RACh. 18 - Prob. 17RACh. 18 - Which of the following statements about the liver...Ch. 18 - Prob. 19RACh. 18 - Prob. 20RACh. 18 - Prob. 21RACh. 18 - Describe the mechanisms that are believed to...Ch. 18 - Prob. 23RACh. 18 - Explain how jaundice is produced when (a) the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 25RACh. 18 - Distinguish between chylomicrons, very-low-density...Ch. 18 - Prob. 27RACh. 18 - Trace the course of blood flow through the liver...Ch. 18 - Prob. 29RACh. 18 - Describe the reflexes controlling the stomach,...Ch. 18 - Prob. 31RACh. 18 - Prob. 32RACh. 18 - Prob. 33RACh. 18 - Prob. 34RACh. 18 - Prob. 35RACh. 18 - Prob. 36RACh. 18 - Prob. 37RACh. 18 - Prob. 38RACh. 18 - Prob. 39RACh. 18 - Prob. 40RACh. 18 - Refer to figure 18. I 4 to answer the following...Ch. 18 - Prob. 42RACh. 18 - Prob. 43RA
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