Mechanism for the transformation in step 1 has to be proposed. Concept introduction: Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond . Electrophile: It is positively charged species which seeks for negative charge and hence accepts pair of electrons from negatively charged species (Nucleophiles) which results in the formation of chemical bond.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.47P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Mechanism for the transformation in step 1 has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Electrophile: It is positively charged species which seeks for negative charge and hence accepts pair of electrons from negatively charged species (Nucleophiles) which results in the formation of chemical bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experimental conditions which favors step-2 has to be given.

Concept introduction:

The normal reaction of an amide with water does not give good yield of product. As amides are least reactive carboxylic acid derivatives so to increase the reactivity of amides a mineral acid is added. The addition of acid increases the reactivity of amide by making more electrophilic carbonyl carbon and it also helps in the elimination of amine part from amide via protonating the amine group during reaction and make it a good leaving group.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.47P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Mechanism for the transformation in step 1 has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Electrophile: It is positively charged species which seeks for negative charge and hence accepts pair of electrons from negatively charged species (Nucleophiles) which results in the formation of chemical bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experimental conditions which favors step-2 has to be given.

Concept introduction:

The normal reaction of an amide with water does not give good yield of product. As amides are least reactive carboxylic acid derivatives so to increase the reactivity of amides a mineral acid is added. The addition of acid increases the reactivity of amide by making more electrophilic carbonyl carbon and it also helps in the elimination of amine part from amide via protonating the amine group during reaction and make it a good leaving group.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.47P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Mechanism for the transformation in step 1 has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Electrophile: It is positively charged species which seeks for negative charge and hence accepts pair of electrons from negatively charged species (Nucleophiles) which results in the formation of chemical bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experimental conditions which favors step-2 has to be given.

Concept introduction:

The normal reaction of an amide with water does not give good yield of product. As amides are least reactive carboxylic acid derivatives so to increase the reactivity of amides a mineral acid is added. The addition of acid increases the reactivity of amide by making more electrophilic carbonyl carbon and it also helps in the elimination of amine part from amide via protonating the amine group during reaction and make it a good leaving group.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.47P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Mechanism for the transformation in step 1 has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Electrophile: It is positively charged species which seeks for negative charge and hence accepts pair of electrons from negatively charged species (Nucleophiles) which results in the formation of chemical bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experimental conditions which favors step-2 has to be given.

Concept introduction:

The normal reaction of an amide with water does not give good yield of product. As amides are least reactive carboxylic acid derivatives so to increase the reactivity of amides a mineral acid is added. The addition of acid increases the reactivity of amide by making more electrophilic carbonyl carbon and it also helps in the elimination of amine part from amide via protonating the amine group during reaction and make it a good leaving group.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 18.47P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Mechanism for the transformation in step 1 has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Electrophile: It is positively charged species which seeks for negative charge and hence accepts pair of electrons from negatively charged species (Nucleophiles) which results in the formation of chemical bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experimental conditions which favors step-2 has to be given.

Concept introduction:

The normal reaction of an amide with water does not give good yield of product. As amides are least reactive carboxylic acid derivatives so to increase the reactivity of amides a mineral acid is added. The addition of acid increases the reactivity of amide by making more electrophilic carbonyl carbon and it also helps in the elimination of amine part from amide via protonating the amine group during reaction and make it a good leaving group.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 18.47P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Mechanism for the transformation in step 1 has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Electrophile: It is positively charged species which seeks for negative charge and hence accepts pair of electrons from negatively charged species (Nucleophiles) which results in the formation of chemical bond.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 18.47P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Mechanism for the transformation in step 1 has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Electrophile: It is positively charged species which seeks for negative charge and hence accepts pair of electrons from negatively charged species (Nucleophiles) which results in the formation of chemical bond.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experimental conditions which favors step-2 has to be given.

Concept introduction:

The normal reaction of an amide with water does not give good yield of product. As amides are least reactive carboxylic acid derivatives so to increase the reactivity of amides a mineral acid is added. The addition of acid increases the reactivity of amide by making more electrophilic carbonyl carbon and it also helps in the elimination of amine part from amide via protonating the amine group during reaction and make it a good leaving group.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experimental conditions which favors step-2 has to be given.

Concept introduction:

The normal reaction of an amide with water does not give good yield of product. As amides are least reactive carboxylic acid derivatives so to increase the reactivity of amides a mineral acid is added. The addition of acid increases the reactivity of amide by making more electrophilic carbonyl carbon and it also helps in the elimination of amine part from amide via protonating the amine group during reaction and make it a good leaving group.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 18.1P Ch. 18.2 - Prob. 18.2P Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 18.3P Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 18.4P Ch. 18.4 - Synthesis of nitriles by nucleophilic displacement...Ch. 18.5 - Complete the following transesterification...Ch. 18.6 - Complete and balance equations for the following...Ch. 18.8 - Prob. AQ Ch. 18.8 - Several compounds have been found to inhibit...Ch. 18.8 - Prob. CQ

Solution Summary: The author explains the mechanism for the transformation in step 1. Nucleophile donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

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