The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn. Concept introduction: The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanides or nitriles. After the reaction there is increase incarbon atoms of the alkyl chain of alkyl halide. The nitriles obtained undergo hydrolysis reaction in presence of acid gives carboxylic acid . The general reaction of alkyl halides and sodum cyanide is written as, The hydrolysis reaction of alkyl nitrile in presence of acid is written as, The amide is first formed when the cyano group is hydrolysed in excess of water and if there is only one mole of water per mole of nitrile, the reaction can be stopped by the formation of amide.

Question

Benzene-toluene equilibrium is often approximated as αBT = 2.34. Generate the y-x diagram for this relative volatility. Also, generate the equilibrium data using Raoult’s law, and compare your results to these.

Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.24P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanides or nitriles. After the reaction there is increase incarbon atoms of the alkyl chain of alkyl halide. The nitriles obtained undergo hydrolysis reaction in presence of acid gives carboxylic acid. The general reaction of alkyl halides and sodum cyanide is written as,

The hydrolysis reaction of alkyl nitrile in presence of acid is written as,

The amide is first formed when the cyano group is hydrolysed in excess of water and if there is only one mole of water per mole of nitrile, the reaction can be stopped by the formation of amide.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanides or nitriles. After the reaction there is increase incarbon atoms of the alkyl chain of alkyl halide. The nitriles obtained undergo hydrolysis reaction in presence of acid gives carboxylic acid. The general reaction of alkyl halides and sodum cyanide is written as,

The hydrolysis reaction of alkyl nitrile in presence of acid is written as,

The amide is first formed when the cyano group is hydrolysed in excess of water and if there is only one mole of water per mole of nitrile, the reaction can be stopped by the formation of amide.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Amide hydrolysis in aqueous base:

A carboxylate anion and ammonia or an amine will be the product of nitrile hydrolysis in aqueous base.

The formed carboxylate anion can be converted into carboxylic acid by the acidification of the reaction mixture.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Concept introduction:

LiAlH4 is a powerful reducing agent which reduces the cyano group of a nitrile to a primary amino group.

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Benzene-toluene equilibrium is often approximated as αBT = 2.34. Generate the y-x diagram for this relative volatility. Also, generate the equilibrium data using Raoult’s law, and compare your results to these.

Given the most probable macrostate: s/k (K) Populations 300 4 200 8 100 16 0 32 Indicate how to demonstrate that the population of the levels is consistent with the Boltzmann distribution.

Rank the following components in order of decreasing volatility: butane, n-pentane, iso-pentene (e.g., 3-methyl-1-butene), isoprene, pentanol? Briefly explain your answer.

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.24P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanides or nitriles. After the reaction there is increase incarbon atoms of the alkyl chain of alkyl halide. The nitriles obtained undergo hydrolysis reaction in presence of acid gives carboxylic acid. The general reaction of alkyl halides and sodum cyanide is written as,

The hydrolysis reaction of alkyl nitrile in presence of acid is written as,

The amide is first formed when the cyano group is hydrolysed in excess of water and if there is only one mole of water per mole of nitrile, the reaction can be stopped by the formation of amide.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanides or nitriles. After the reaction there is increase incarbon atoms of the alkyl chain of alkyl halide. The nitriles obtained undergo hydrolysis reaction in presence of acid gives carboxylic acid. The general reaction of alkyl halides and sodum cyanide is written as,

The hydrolysis reaction of alkyl nitrile in presence of acid is written as,

The amide is first formed when the cyano group is hydrolysed in excess of water and if there is only one mole of water per mole of nitrile, the reaction can be stopped by the formation of amide.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Amide hydrolysis in aqueous base:

A carboxylate anion and ammonia or an amine will be the product of nitrile hydrolysis in aqueous base.

The formed carboxylate anion can be converted into carboxylic acid by the acidification of the reaction mixture.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Concept introduction:

LiAlH4 is a powerful reducing agent which reduces the cyano group of a nitrile to a primary amino group.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.24P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanides or nitriles. After the reaction there is increase incarbon atoms of the alkyl chain of alkyl halide. The nitriles obtained undergo hydrolysis reaction in presence of acid gives carboxylic acid. The general reaction of alkyl halides and sodum cyanide is written as,

The hydrolysis reaction of alkyl nitrile in presence of acid is written as,

The amide is first formed when the cyano group is hydrolysed in excess of water and if there is only one mole of water per mole of nitrile, the reaction can be stopped by the formation of amide.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanides or nitriles. After the reaction there is increase incarbon atoms of the alkyl chain of alkyl halide. The nitriles obtained undergo hydrolysis reaction in presence of acid gives carboxylic acid. The general reaction of alkyl halides and sodum cyanide is written as,

The hydrolysis reaction of alkyl nitrile in presence of acid is written as,

The amide is first formed when the cyano group is hydrolysed in excess of water and if there is only one mole of water per mole of nitrile, the reaction can be stopped by the formation of amide.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Amide hydrolysis in aqueous base:

A carboxylate anion and ammonia or an amine will be the product of nitrile hydrolysis in aqueous base.

The formed carboxylate anion can be converted into carboxylic acid by the acidification of the reaction mixture.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Concept introduction:

LiAlH4 is a powerful reducing agent which reduces the cyano group of a nitrile to a primary amino group.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.24P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanides or nitriles. After the reaction there is increase incarbon atoms of the alkyl chain of alkyl halide. The nitriles obtained undergo hydrolysis reaction in presence of acid gives carboxylic acid. The general reaction of alkyl halides and sodum cyanide is written as,

The hydrolysis reaction of alkyl nitrile in presence of acid is written as,

The amide is first formed when the cyano group is hydrolysed in excess of water and if there is only one mole of water per mole of nitrile, the reaction can be stopped by the formation of amide.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanides or nitriles. After the reaction there is increase incarbon atoms of the alkyl chain of alkyl halide. The nitriles obtained undergo hydrolysis reaction in presence of acid gives carboxylic acid. The general reaction of alkyl halides and sodum cyanide is written as,

The hydrolysis reaction of alkyl nitrile in presence of acid is written as,

The amide is first formed when the cyano group is hydrolysed in excess of water and if there is only one mole of water per mole of nitrile, the reaction can be stopped by the formation of amide.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Amide hydrolysis in aqueous base:

A carboxylate anion and ammonia or an amine will be the product of nitrile hydrolysis in aqueous base.

The formed carboxylate anion can be converted into carboxylic acid by the acidification of the reaction mixture.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Concept introduction:

LiAlH4 is a powerful reducing agent which reduces the cyano group of a nitrile to a primary amino group.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 18.24P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanides or nitriles. After the reaction there is increase incarbon atoms of the alkyl chain of alkyl halide. The nitriles obtained undergo hydrolysis reaction in presence of acid gives carboxylic acid. The general reaction of alkyl halides and sodum cyanide is written as,

The hydrolysis reaction of alkyl nitrile in presence of acid is written as,

The amide is first formed when the cyano group is hydrolysed in excess of water and if there is only one mole of water per mole of nitrile, the reaction can be stopped by the formation of amide.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanides or nitriles. After the reaction there is increase incarbon atoms of the alkyl chain of alkyl halide. The nitriles obtained undergo hydrolysis reaction in presence of acid gives carboxylic acid. The general reaction of alkyl halides and sodum cyanide is written as,

The hydrolysis reaction of alkyl nitrile in presence of acid is written as,

The amide is first formed when the cyano group is hydrolysed in excess of water and if there is only one mole of water per mole of nitrile, the reaction can be stopped by the formation of amide.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Amide hydrolysis in aqueous base:

A carboxylate anion and ammonia or an amine will be the product of nitrile hydrolysis in aqueous base.

The formed carboxylate anion can be converted into carboxylic acid by the acidification of the reaction mixture.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Concept introduction:

LiAlH4 is a powerful reducing agent which reduces the cyano group of a nitrile to a primary amino group.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 18.24P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanides or nitriles. After the reaction there is increase incarbon atoms of the alkyl chain of alkyl halide. The nitriles obtained undergo hydrolysis reaction in presence of acid gives carboxylic acid. The general reaction of alkyl halides and sodum cyanide is written as,

The hydrolysis reaction of alkyl nitrile in presence of acid is written as,

The amide is first formed when the cyano group is hydrolysed in excess of water and if there is only one mole of water per mole of nitrile, the reaction can be stopped by the formation of amide.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 18.24P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanides or nitriles. After the reaction there is increase incarbon atoms of the alkyl chain of alkyl halide. The nitriles obtained undergo hydrolysis reaction in presence of acid gives carboxylic acid. The general reaction of alkyl halides and sodum cyanide is written as,

The hydrolysis reaction of alkyl nitrile in presence of acid is written as,

The amide is first formed when the cyano group is hydrolysed in excess of water and if there is only one mole of water per mole of nitrile, the reaction can be stopped by the formation of amide.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanides or nitriles. After the reaction there is increase incarbon atoms of the alkyl chain of alkyl halide. The nitriles obtained undergo hydrolysis reaction in presence of acid gives carboxylic acid. The general reaction of alkyl halides and sodum cyanide is written as,

The hydrolysis reaction of alkyl nitrile in presence of acid is written as,

The amide is first formed when the cyano group is hydrolysed in excess of water and if there is only one mole of water per mole of nitrile, the reaction can be stopped by the formation of amide.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium cyanide gives alkyl cyanides or nitriles. After the reaction there is increase incarbon atoms of the alkyl chain of alkyl halide. The nitriles obtained undergo hydrolysis reaction in presence of acid gives carboxylic acid. The general reaction of alkyl halides and sodum cyanide is written as,

The hydrolysis reaction of alkyl nitrile in presence of acid is written as,

The amide is first formed when the cyano group is hydrolysed in excess of water and if there is only one mole of water per mole of nitrile, the reaction can be stopped by the formation of amide.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Amide hydrolysis in aqueous base:

A carboxylate anion and ammonia or an amine will be the product of nitrile hydrolysis in aqueous base.

The formed carboxylate anion can be converted into carboxylic acid by the acidification of the reaction mixture.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Amide hydrolysis in aqueous base:

A carboxylate anion and ammonia or an amine will be the product of nitrile hydrolysis in aqueous base.

The formed carboxylate anion can be converted into carboxylic acid by the acidification of the reaction mixture.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Concept introduction:

LiAlH4 is a powerful reducing agent which reduces the cyano group of a nitrile to a primary amino group.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Concept introduction:

LiAlH4 is a powerful reducing agent which reduces the cyano group of a nitrile to a primary amino group.

Answer 14

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Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 18.1P Ch. 18.2 - Prob. 18.2P Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 18.3P Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 18.4P Ch. 18.4 - Synthesis of nitriles by nucleophilic displacement...Ch. 18.5 - Complete the following transesterification...Ch. 18.6 - Complete and balance equations for the following...Ch. 18.8 - Prob. AQ Ch. 18.8 - Several compounds have been found to inhibit...Ch. 18.8 - Prob. CQ

Concept explainers

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Concept introduction:

LiAlH4 is a powerful reducing agent which reduces the cyano group of a nitrile to a primary amino group.

Chapter 18 Solutions

Concept explainers

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn. Concept introduction: Concept introduction: LiAlH4 is a powerful reducing agent which reduces the cyano group of a nitrile to a primary amino group.

Chapter 18 Solutions

The structural formula for the principal product formed when benzonitrile is treated with the given reagent has to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Concept introduction:

LiAlH4 is a powerful reducing agent which reduces the cyano group of a nitrile to a primary amino group.