Campbell Biology: Custom Edition
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781323717271
Author: Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Reece
Publisher: PEARSON C
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Chapter 17, Problem 10TYU
Summary Introduction
To propose: An evolutionary explanation for the statement that most amino acids are coded by a similar set of codons.
Concept introduction:
The genetic information of DNA is based on the
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. The genetic code is thought to have evolved to maximize genetic stability
by minimizing the effect on protein function of most substitution muta-
tions (single-base changes). We will use the six arginine codons to test this
idea. Consider all of the substitutions that could affect all of the six arginine
codons.
(a) How many total mutations are possible?
(b) How many of these mutations are "silent," in the sense that the mutant
codon is changed to another Arg codon?
(c) How many of these mutations are conservative, in the sense that an Arg
codon is changed to a functionally similar Lys codon?
Taking start and stop codon into consideration, if we have an mRNA sequence with 30 nucleotides, how many amino acids would be found in the resulting polypeptide (protein chain)? Why?
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Knowing that the genetic code is almostuniversal, a scientist uses molecular biological methods toinsert the human β-globin gene (shown in Figure 17.12) intobacterial cells, hoping the cells will express it and synthesizefunctional β-globin protein. Instead, the protein produced isnonfunctional and is found to contain many fewer amino acidsthan does β-globin made by a eukaryotic cell. Explain why
Chapter 17 Solutions
Campbell Biology: Custom Edition
Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 17.1 - What polypeptide product would you expect from a...Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 17.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS In a research artide about...Ch. 17.2 - What enables RNA polymerase to start transcribing...Ch. 17.2 - WHAT IF? Suppose X-rays caused a sequence change...Ch. 17.3 - There are about 20,000 human protein-coding genes....Ch. 17.3 - How is RNA splicing similar to how you would watch...Ch. 17.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 17.4 - What two processes ensure that the correct amino...
Ch. 17.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 17.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 17.4 - WH AT IF? In eukaryotic cells, mRNAs have been...Ch. 17.5 - What happens when one nucleotide pair is lost from...Ch. 17.5 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Individuals heterozygous for the...Ch. 17.5 - WHAT IF? DRAW IT The template strand of a gene...Ch. 17 - Describe the process of gene expression, by which...Ch. 17 - What are the similarities and differences in the...Ch. 17 - What function do the 5' cap and the poly-A tail...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.4CRCh. 17 - What will be the results of chemically modifying...Ch. 17 - In eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin...Ch. 17 - Which of the following is not true of a codon? (A)...Ch. 17 - The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is (A)...Ch. 17 - Which of the following is not true of RNA...Ch. 17 - Which component is not directly involved in...Ch. 17 - Using Figure 17.6, identify a 5' 3' sequence of...Ch. 17 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 17 - Would the coupling of the processes shown in...Ch. 17 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 17 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 17 - scientific inquiry Knowing that the genetic code...Ch. 17 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 17 - Prob. 13TYU
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- Consequences of the Wobble Hypothesis Point out why Cricks wobble hypothesis would allow fewer than 61 anticodons to be used to translate the 61 sense codons. How might wobble tend to accelerate the rate of translation?arrow_forwardThe figure below shows a ribosome in the process of translating an mRNA with a sequence: 5'...AUGCCGUAUGCUCUUUAA..3' a) The right side shows the ribosome with an empty A site aligned with the codon 5'UAU3'. The next tRNA to occupy the A site on the ribosome will have what anti-codon sequence (label 5' and 3')? Keep in mind the wobble pairing rules and make sure your answer is consistent with the genetic code. Explain your answer. b) Suppose, just as the ribosome started translating the mRNA, the cell suddenly lost all of its alanine tRNAs. Using the figure as a guide, draw and label the state the ribosome would arrest in.arrow_forwardIn regard to the wobble hypothesis and the fact that cells do not need a full complement of tRNAs for codons. What would the consequences be if a cell lost the tRNA gene with the following anticodon sequences Please explain in depth A. 3'-ACA-5' B. 3'-CUG-5'arrow_forward
- The sequence below shows the non-coding strand from the whole of the transcribed region of a very short gene. 5’-GGCTTCTTTAGTACTGGCCAGTGGGATCCAAGTAGGCTGCCATTTCGT-3’ Write out the sequence of the mRNA from this gene in the orientation 5′ → 3′ and, using the genetic code (see Fig. 1. overleaf) deduce the amino acid sequence of the peptide it encodes (NB you should read about the operation of the genetic code prior to attempting this question).arrow_forwardOne remarkable feature of the genetic code is that amino acids with similar chemical properties often have similar codons. thus codons with U or C as the second nucleotide tend to specify hydrophobic amino acids. Can you suggest a possible explanation for this phenomenon in terms of the early evolution of the protein-synthesis machinery?arrow_forwardMatch each of the following examples with the hypothesis it argues against. Example The gene coding for keratin A gene coding for a tRNA Three genes, each coding for one of the G protein subunits (a, ß and y) A gene that undergoes alternative splicing Hypothesis One gene → one polypeptide One gene→→ one enzyme One gene → one protein One gene → one proteinarrow_forward
- Oxytocin is a small peptide hormone. It contains a nine amino acid sequence shown below: CYIQNCPLG 33 How many nucleotides would be found in the mRNA for this protein? Suggest an mRNA sequence for the peptide. Write in as 5' XXX 3' (no spaces between nucleotides). Keep in mind, for a protein to be synthesized it needs to include a start codon and a stop codon. Suggest a complementary template DNA sequence based on the MRNA sequences suggested above. Write in as 3' XXX 5' (no spaces between nucleotides).arrow_forwardplease help with thisarrow_forwardThe genetic code is thought to have evolved to maximize genetic stability by minimizing the effect on protein function of most substitution mutations (single-base changes). We will use the six arginine codons to test this idea. Consider all of the substitutions that could affect all of the six arginine codons.(a) How many total mutations are possible?(b) How many of these mutations are “silent,” in the sense that the mutantcodon is changed to another Arg codon?(c) How many of these mutations are conservative, in the sense that an Argcodon is changed to a functionally similar Lys codon?arrow_forward
- Look up a standard genetic code table, how many codons will be recognized by tRNA charged by lysyl-tRNA synthetase, then explain the degeneracy of genetic code observed by including the Wobble hypothesis. Please provide sources for your answer.arrow_forward. In bacterial genes, as soon as any partial mRNA transcriptis produced by the RNA polymerase system, the ribosome assembles on it and starts translating. Draw a diagram of this process, identifying 5′ and 3′ ends of mRNA,the COOH and NH2 ends of the protein, the RNA polymerase, and at least one ribosome. Why couldn’t this system work in eukaryotes?arrow_forwardDiagram the central dogma of molecular biology (biological information flow) and include RNA processing in your diagram.arrow_forward
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